滙豐控股 (HSBC) 2016 Q4 法說會逐字稿

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-- presentation and subsequent discussion may contain certain forward-looking statements with respect to the financial condition, results of operations, capital position and business of the Group.

These forward-looking statements represent the Group's expectations or beliefs concerning future events.

And involve known and uncertain risks and uncertainty that could cause actual results, performance or events, to differ materially from those expressed or implied in such statements.

Additional detailed information concerning important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially is available in our annual report and accounts.

Past performance cannot be relied on as a guide to future performance.

This presentation contains non-GAAP financial information.

Reconciliation of the difference between the non-GAAP financial measurements with the most directly comparable measures under GAAP is provided in the annual report and accounts available at www.hsbc.com.

The analyst and investor conference call for HSBC Holdings PLC's annual results 2016 will begin in two minutes.

Following the presentation there will be the opportunity to address questions to HSBC's Executive Directors.

(Operator Instructions).

Good morning, ladies and gentlemen, and welcome to the investor and analyst conference call for HSBC Holdings PLC's annual results 2016.

For your information, this conference is being recorded.

At this time, I will hand the call over to your host, Mr. Douglas Flint, Group Chairman.

Thank you very much.

Good morning from London.

Good afternoon in Hong Kong.

And welcome to the 2016 HSBC annual results call.

With me today are Stuart Gulliver, Group Chief Executive, and Iain Mackay, the Group Finance Director.

And before we start, I'd like to say a word on behalf of the Board.

HSBC's performance in 2016 was broadly satisfactory against the backdrop of far-reaching geopolitical and economic developments.

Operating performance in the second half of the year was much stronger than expected as businesses and financial markets responded more optimistically than predicted.

The Board was happy with the traction from management actions to reshape the Group and address the challenges of the continuing low interest-rate environment.

And these actions are bearing fruit, through market-share gains, greater cost efficiency and improved performance.

Much of the heavy investments in reshaping the Group to improve productivity, embrace technological change, and reinforce global standards of business conduct has been made.

We enter 2017 with the restructuring of the Group essentially completed.

And with a strong capital position and a conservative balance sheet.

We delivered on our commitments of maintaining the annual dividend in respect of the year at $0.51, as we indicated, at the interim stage.

And this was delivered through the declaration today of a fourth interim dividend of $0.21.

In addition to this, the Board has determined to return to shareholders up to a further $1 billion, by way of a share buyback.

Let me hand over now to Stuart to talk through the key points before Iain takes a more detailed look at our performance.

Stuart.

Thanks Douglas.

So, turning to slide 2, we made good progress in 2016.

The implementation of our strategic actions is actually well advanced.

And our global universal business model performed well in challenging conditions.

The drop in reported profit before tax reflected a number of significant items.

The non-cash items included a $3.2 billion write off of goodwill in global private banking in Europe and fair-value losses on our own debt of $1.8 billion.

The cash items included $3.1 billion of investment in our cost-reduction programs, $680 million related to legal settlements and provisions, and $559 million related to UK customer redress.

The reported number also includes a $1.7 billion accounting loss on the sale of our Brazil business.

Our adjusted profits were broadly unchanged year-on-year following solid performances by our global businesses.

These enabled us to capture market share in strategic product areas and build a platform for future growth.

We delivered positive adjusted jaws in 2016.

Global banking and markets recovered from a sector-wide slow start to the year to generate higher adjusted revenue than 2015.

Commercial banking performed well, particularly in the UK and Hong Kong, growing revenue in spite of a slowdown in global trade.

And retail banking and wealth management performance was mixed.

Overall revenue was down compared to 2015, due largely to the impact of reduced client activity in Hong Kong, on our wealth-management businesses.

However, strong mortgage growth, and higher current account and savings balances, helped to increase revenue in retail banking.

Now, we've written off all the remaining goodwill in the European private-banking business.

This goodwill relates principally to the original purchase of Safra Republic Holdings in 1999.

The restructuring of global private banking is now largely complete.

And, although global private banking is now much smaller than it was three years ago, it is deliberately positioned for sustainable growth with a focus on serving the personal wealth management needs of the leadership and owners of the Group's corporate clients.

This was reflected in 2016 through solid revenue growth from Group referred relationships.

We also continued to make strong progress on our strategic actions to improve returns and gain maximum value from our international network.

Meanwhile, our targeted reduction of risk-weighted assets, is now at 97% complete.

And we expect to exceed our reduction target for the end of 2017.

Our cost reduction programs continue to bring down our adjusted operating expenses.

The traction that these programs have gained in the last 18 months has enabled us to increase the amount of costs that we're able to remove from the business.

We now expect to deliver annualized cost savings of around $6 billion by the end of 2017, about $1 billion above our original target.

And we'll invest an equivalent amount of around $6 billion over the same timeframe to achieve this.

Improved lending and deposit balances, interest rate rises and better collaboration between businesses, helped generate significantly higher profits in our Mexico business year-on-year.

And significant market-share gains, particularly in consumer lending.

We also continue to build our business in Asia Pacific, launching our first exclusively HSBC-branded credit card in mainland China, growing assets under management in insurance new business premiums and seeing the first signs of growth in our loan book in the Pearl River Delta.

We also extended our leadership of the offshore renminbi bond market and achieved our best ranking for China outbound mergers and acquisitions since 2003.

We also completed to $2.5 billion share buyback in December that we commenced at the half year.

And we are today announcing a second buyback of up to $1 billion to retire more of the capital that previously supported the Brazil business.

Having received the appropriate regulatory clearances, we aim to complete this new buyback in the first half of 2017.

This will bring the total value of shares repurchased since last August to $3.5 billion.

Our strong Common Equity Tier 1 ratio of 13.6% reinforces our ability to invest in the business, support the dividend, and consider future share buybacks and manage the continuing uncertain regulatory environment.

Iain will talk you through the numbers.

Thanks Stuart.

As you may already know, we have re-segmented our results, with the global businesses now representing our primary reporting segments.

And have replaced the business line known as other with corporate center to better reflect the way we manage our business.

Corporate center comprises central treasury, including balance sheet management, our legacy businesses, interests in associates and joint ventures, central stewardship costs that support the business and the UK bank levy.

There are more details on the corporate center in the appendix.

Our published re-segmentation document also provides detailed analysis and reconciliation of this reporting change.

Moving quickly to some key metrics for 2016, the reported return on average ordinary shareholders' equity was 0.8%.

The reported return on average tangible equity was 2.6%.

On an adjusted basis we had positive jaws of 1.2%.

And we'd a tangible net asset value per ordinary share of $6.92.

The movement in jaws was due to a 3.7% reduction in adjusted operating expenses, which exceeded a 2.5% fall in adjusted revenue, in 2016.

Our adjusted measure includes the impact of the bank levy.

Tangible net asset value fell by $0.45 in the fourth quarter, driven largely by foreign-currency exchange differences and movements in available-for-sale investment to other comprehensive income.

There's more detail on this movement in the appendix.

Slide 4 shows the impact of significant items and currency translation in the fourth quarter on our reported profits and on our return on equity.

The largest significant items in Q4 were non-cash items, namely the $2.4 billion write-off of the remaining goodwill in the European global private banking business, and $1.6 billion arising from changes in credit spreads in our own debt designated at fair value.

They also included a $1.1 billion investment to achieve our cost savings.

Adjusted profit before tax for the fourth quarter was up 39% year-on-year.

Adjusted profits for the full year were broadly stable.

Our return on equity was 0.8% and our return on tangible equity was 2.6% for 2016; both adversely impacted by significant items.

Excluding these items and the bank levy our return on equity was 7.7% and our return on tangible equity was 8.5%.

Slide 5 provides more detail on the items that take us from reported to adjusted for both the fourth quarter and the full year.

You'll find more details of these adjustments in the appendix.

And the remainder of the presentation focuses on adjusted numbers.

Slide 6 looks at fourth-quarter profit before tax.

Adjusted profit before tax was $738 million higher than the fourth quarter of 2015, driven by significantly lower loan-impairment charges and continued robust cost management.

The decrease in revenue is due predominantly to adverse valuation differences on long-term debt and associated swaps caused by sharp interest rate rises in the fourth quarter.

The negative impact of these valuation differences was $742 million compared to a negative impact of $126 million in the same period last year.

The full year negative impact of this difference was $278 million.

We do not forecast this for revenue purposes as we've hedged these bonds over the -- over their duration and the short-term valuation differences are not meaningful.

There are more details on this in the appendix.

Against this there are strong performances in global banking and markets and commercial banking.

Slide 7 looks at revenue.

Fourth-quarter revenue from our global businesses was $605 million higher than the last years' fourth quarter.

I'll go through each business in more detail in the next few slides.

The $944 million reduction in revenue in corporate center between the third and fourth quarters was mainly caused by the valuation difference in long-term debt and associated swaps that I've already described.

Reported revenue numbers include a $396 million impact associated with foreign-currency translation differences versus the third quarter.

On an annual basis, our global businesses' revenue was broadly unchanged.

Slide 8 looks at retail banking and wealth-management revenue.

Revenue increased by $25 million compared to last years' fourth quarter.

Increased customer lending and higher deposits throughout 2016 helped grow fourth quarter retail-banking revenue by $66 million.

Wealth-management revenue also grew by $40 million, driven by investment distribution in Asia.

Lending growth accelerated in the fourth quarter, particularly in mortgages, in Hong Kong and the UK.

For the full year, adjusted revenue was down 2%, as a 1% growth in retail-banking revenue was more than offset by a fall in wealth management.

This was principally caused by the impact of our investment business of reduced client activity in Hong Kong, particularly, in the first half of the year.

As slide 9 shows, commercial banking revenue was broadly stable compared to last years' fourth quarter.

We continued to see strong balance-sheet growth in the fourth quarter with $6 billion of additional lending and a further $11 billion of deposits.

This contributed to a 5% revenue increase in global liquidity and cash management compared to last years' fourth quarter.

TLAC costs and the impact of market movements in Asia on insurance revenue caused revenue in other to fall by 16%.

For the full year, commercial banking revenue rose by $134 million or 1%.

This included growth in global liquidity and cash management of $181 million, driven by increased balances and wider spreads in Hong Kong.

Credit and lending also increased by $83 million, reflecting continued loan growth in the UK.

These were partly offset by lower revenue in global trade and receivables finance.

Global banking and markets had a strong fourth quarter, increasing revenue by 23% year-on-year.

Foreign exchange, rates, banking and global liquidity and cash management all grew revenue, capitalizing on increased client flows and market movements.

For the full year, global banking and markets revenue rose by $353 million, or 2% compared to 2015.

This included a net negative impact of $297 million related to adverse movements in credit and funding valuation adjustments.

Excluding these movements, revenue rose by $650 million or 5%, mainly in rates and credit, as we gained market share in Europe.

Revenue also increased in global liquidity and cash management as we grew average balances and benefited from wider spreads.

This was a good performance from global banking and markets in 2016.

Since 2014, adjusted risk-weighted assets in global banking and markets have fallen by 14%.

And adjusted revenue has risen by 10%.

This demonstrates the effectiveness of both our risk-weighted asset reduction program and our targeted investment in the business.

Slide 11 looks at global private banking, which saw a fall in revenue of $43 million or 10%, compared to last year's fourth quarter.

This largely reflected the continued repositioning of the business and reduced market activity.

During 2016 we disposed of private-banking businesses in Bermuda and Brazil and a client portfolio in Europe.

These disposals are reflected in the fall in client assets during the period.

The repositioning of global private banking is now substantially complete.

For the full year, adjusted revenue fell by $208 million or 11%.

We attracted more than $5 billion of net new money from collaboration with our global business customers in 2016.

Corporate center revenue fell by $944 million compared to the fourth quarter of 2015.

This was principally due to a net $616 reduction from adverse valuation differences on long-term debt and associated swaps.

And the loss of revenue from the run-off of our US CML portfolio.

Balance sheet management revenue rose by $133 million, or 21%, against last years' fourth quarter.

Balance sheet management for the full year was up by $175 million or 7%.

We reduced the remaining US run off portfolio by 49%, which contributed $8 billion of the $22 billion RWA reduction in the fourth quarter.

We expect to complete the disposal of the CML assets during 2017.

Full year net interest margin of 173% (sic - see press release, "1.73%") -- 1.73%, sorry, was 15 basis points lower than 2015.

8 of those basis points came from the disposal of our operations in Brazil and currency translation differences, particularly, in the UK and Mexico.

The remainder came largely from lower yields in customer lending, including revenue lost from the run off of our US CML portfolio, and an increase in the cost of debt, including around $400 million of TLAC interest costs.

Slide 14 looks at operating expenses.

Our operating expenses, excluding the bank levy, increased by 5% from the third to the fourth quarter, reflecting a small number of specific items.

These included a write-off of around $150 million relating to software that we no longer use and a spending increase related to marketing programs launched in the fourth quarter.

Our cost performance in 2016 was excellent, with a $1.2 billion or 4% drop in adjusted operating expenses.

We removed $2.2 billion of cost from the business in 2016, bringing the total annualized run-rate savings since we started our cost saving programs to around $3.7 billion.

Our UK bank levy charge was $499 million lower than in 2015, including a positive adjustment of $128 million relating to previous year.

These reductions were partially offset by the impact of inflation and further investments in regulatory programs and compliance.

Our total expenditure on regulatory programs and compliance was $3 billion, which was around $4 million or 14%, higher than in 2015.

We expect an increase of more than 10% in regulatory and compliance costs in 2017.

Slide 15 walks you from 2014 operating expenses to our revised 2017 exit run rate target.

While we're investing more in regulatory and compliance programs, we're also continuing to invest in growth and improving within the business.

Excuse me.

We will more than pay for this investment through additional cost savings, which will require additional one-off investments, to remove these costs from the business.

We've already invested around 90% of the amount that we originally said we would by the end of 2017 to achieve our targeted cost savings and improve the operating capabilities and productivity of the Group.

We now expect to invest a total of around $6 billion by the end of 2017 to achieve total run-rate cost savings of around -- sorry, excuse me, $6 billion -- to achieve total run-rate cost savings around $6 billion, around $1 billion above the top end of our investor target -- investor day target range.

Slide 16 looks at loan impairment charges.

Fourth quarter LICs were down $83 million from the third quarter of 2016 and down $825 million compared to fourth quarter of 2015.

Fourth quarter LICs for 2016 had no outstanding features and the credit outlook remains benign.

There is no small -- that is in no small part due to the strength of our risk management and portfolio repositioning since 2011.

In 2016 as a whole, loan impairment charges were $48 million higher than 2015, due to a small number of individually assessed LICs in global banking and markets, relating to oil and gas and mining sectors in the US in the first half of the year.

There were also higher charges in retail banking and wealth management, particularly in Mexico, as we grow our market share of retail and consumer banking products.

These increases were mostly offset by a large reduction in commercial banking charges.

Slide 17 breaks down adjusted profit for 2016 by global business and geography.

The overall story is unchanged since the third quarter.

Adjusted profit before tax was down by $228 million, or 1%, due to lower revenue and marginally higher loan-impairment charges.

But this was largely offset by good progress in costs.

The effectiveness of our cost-reduction programs means that we achieved positive jaws of 1.2% in 2016 in spite of a tough revenue environment.

We generated a further $38 billion of risk weighted asset reductions in the fourth quarter, bringing total reductions for the year to $143 billion.

$17 billion of the fourth quarter total came from global banking and markets and legacy credit.

$8 billion came from our US CML run off portfolios.

$5 billion from commercial banking.

And $8 billion from other, mainly in balance sheet management.

The total reduction since the start of 2015 now stands at $267 billion, around 44% of which came from global banking and markets and legacy credits.

This takes us more than 97% of the way towards our target, which we expect to exceed, through continued focus on efficient capital deployment.

Turning to capital.

The Group's Common Equity Tier 1 ratio was 13.6% on December 31, compared to 13.9% at the end of the third quarter.

Common Equity capital -- Common Equity Tier 1 capital reduced by $9 billion in the fourth quarter due mainly to foreign exchange movements, dividends, and reported loss for the period.

The impact of this reduction on our Common Equity Tier 1 ratio was mitigated by the reduction in risk-weighted assets.

Today's buyback announcement reduces Common Equity Tier 1 ratio to 13.5%.

Slide 20 looks to the year ahead.

Our financial targets maintain our focus on improving returns, delivering cost productivity consistently, and providing sustainable returns to shareholders.

Our medium-term revenue prospects remain good, supported by loan growth and strong deposit growth in 2016, and steeper yield curves and rising interest rates in the US and Hong Kong.

Our restructured business is increasingly well positioned to capture further opportunities.

And our global businesses look to have carried momentum from the fourth quarter into the start of 2017.

We have traction in our cost management and productivity improvement programs, with persistent focus on improving returns, supported by a continued commitment to capital efficiency.

Uncertainty in the geopolitical and regulatory environments remain considerations.

There are also a number of near term revenue headwinds that are worth bearing in mind.

Restating 2016 reported revenues based on average January 2017 foreign exchange rates would reduce them by $2 billion.

Clearly, costs benefitted from such FX movements.

We expect around $500 million of additional TLAC interest costs in 2017.

And a potential $300 million revenue impact from lower UK interest rates.

It's also worth remembering that, while the run off of our US CML legacy portfolio is clearly good news, we will lose the revenue associated with the assets that we sell as well as the associated impairment losses.

I'll now hand back to Stuart.

Thanks Iain.

So, slide 21 shows our progress in implementing the actions we outlined in our investor update in June 2015.

We're now 18 months into a two-and-a-half-year program and the large majority of actions remain on track.

We're going to beat our original target to reduce both risk-weighted assets and costs, as Iain has already said.

Mexico also continues to recover strongly.

Adjusted PBT more than tripled in 2016 and revenue grew 18% year-on-year.

We grew lending by 14%, increasing our market share of personal loans, payroll loans and mortgages and raising our advances to deposit ratio.

We also grow global trade receivables finance and global liquidity and cash management revenues in Mexico by 11% and 19% respectively.

The low interest rate environment, however, continues to keep US business off track, although, adjusted revenues in global banking and markets and retail banking and wealth management both grew in 2016.

The network benefits of the US business have also increased as we grew revenue from the international subsidiaries of our US clients by 11% compared with 2015.

The establishment of the UK ring fenced bank remains on track.

Both the Chair and CEO positions of HSBC UK have now been filled following the announcements of Clara Furse as Chair and Ian Stuart as Chief Executive.

The migration of roles from London to Birmingham is around 35% complete with the remainder on track to be in place by the time the bank launches in 2018.

Our international network continues to drive revenue growth in our transaction banking product lines.

Global liquidity and cash-management revenue increased by 6% year-on-year.

And global trade and receivables finance captured further market share in strategic markets, including Hong Kong and Singapore.

In 2016 we were named best bank for corporates by Euromoney and best supply chain finance bank at the Trade Finance Awards.

We continue to invest for growth in Asia.

We launched a new digital banking platform for SMEs in Guangdong, a growing business around the China-led Belt and Road initiative.

And we were named Asia's best investment bank and Asia's best bank for financing by Euromoney.

Assets under management in Asia increased by 11%.

And we grew revenue from the international subsidiaries of our ASEAN region commercial-banking clients.

We continue to be the leading bank for international renminbi products and services.

And we're better protected from financial crime because of our investment in our global-standards program.

Our monitor has raised certain concerns, but we've continued to progress, and our commitment remains unwavering.

By the end of this year we're on track to have our AML and sanctions quality framework in place and to have introduced major compliance IT systems across the Group.

Beyond 2017 we will continue to work to fine tune those systems and ensure that our improvements are fully integrated into our day-to-day risk-management practices.

So, to conclude, I'd like to leave you with four points.

First, our strategy is working.

Our global businesses are performing well in challenging operating conditions.

Our international network, our main differentiator, is delivering more than 45% of client revenue.

We're capturing market share in strategic areas.

We have an unrivalled business in Asia with strong returns and good momentum.

And we've delivered positive adjusted jaws in 2016.

And we expect to do this again in 2017.

Second, we're doing what we said we'd do.

We're going to exceed both our original risk weighted asset and cost reduction targets.

We sold our Brazil business, which allowed us to complete the first share buyback in our history.

And to announce today a second buyback of $1 billion.

Our Mexico business is being turned around quickly and effectively.

Our investment in Asia is delivering more revenue for the Group in strategic areas.

Third, more than ever, there's a big advantage in being a diversified, global, bank.

The complexity of the current environment and the potential difficulty in connecting customers with strong growth opportunities naturally benefits a bank with our network and heritage.

The world is evolving into big regional trading blocks, with less global trade, but vastly increased regional trade.

And the areas where barriers are falling fastest are the regions were HSBC is strongest.

Our long standing and growing strength and infrastructure and project finance in Asia and Europe also positions us perfectly to capitalize on opportunities arising from the China-led Belt and Road initiative.

And the rising prominence of green finance.

Finally, we remain a well-funded business, with strong capital generation, a diversified balance sheet and an excellent record of delivering value for shareholders.

Last year we delivered a total shareholder return of 36%, in Hong Kong dollars, while building a Common Equity Tier 1 ratio of 13.6%.

We've maintained the dividend in 2016.

And we're confident of doing so for the foreseeable future.

We're now happy to take questions.

The operator will explain the procedure and introduce the first question.

Operator.

Thank you, Mr. Gulliver.

(Operator Instructions).

So can we have the first please?

We will now take our first question from Ronit Ghose from Citigroup.

Please go ahead.

Great.

Thank you.

Stuart, Iain, thanks for the presentation.

Can I just pick up on a couple of points related to revenues?

Q4 seemed to be a bit of a disappointment vis-a-vis market expectation.

Maybe just bad at forecasting.

But you're highlighting lots of 2017 challenges while talking up the medium term.

And if I could just dig into this, please.

On specifically the growth outlook you say you're very well positioned.

You're well positioned for growth in Asia.

Loan growth's running at about 4% right now in Asia for you.

Do you expect that run rate to accelerate from 4%?

In your statements you've mentioned some of the leading indicators, macro indicators, are picking up, trade's picking up, yet it's pretty uncertain if those outlooks --.

I'm just wondering if 4% revenue -- loan growth, 4% loan growth, can be stronger in your Asian footprint this year.

Linked to that on the revenues -- the margins, is most of the margin, so the underlying margin weakness that you've seen in Q4, down to loan spreads coming down?

And how much more pressure do you expect on the spread in the UK and the US, particularly on the UK?

And, finally, on the one-offs, the -- there's a $1 billion swing in treasury that Iain's obviously called out.

And I'm just curious as to why you're not putting that into the one-offs.

And because you say that you expect this to kind of net to zero over time.

How should we try to think about that treasury revenue number?

Thank you.

There's a lot in there.

I think from -- I mean, Stuart can provide some context around this.

We've clearly got good, very strong, loan growth coming through global banking and markets.

And we saw encouragement coming through retail bank, as well, in the fourth quarter of last year with some momentum coming into 2017.

But I think the growth rates that you referred to, Ronit, of around 4% to 5%, are probably in line with what we are presently seeing, and what we would expect to see through 2017 in that particular area.

Moving onto margins, there are a couple of factors coming through in the fourth quarter.

You will notice, and we commented here, that again we've got accelerated reductions in our US CML run off portfolio in the fourth quarter.

And, notwithstanding that that historically has been a loss-making portfolio, it is a very strong NIM portfolio.

And as we continue to sell and run off those assets, that feeds through to NIM.

The other factor that we saw in the fourth quarter was a -- the impact really of the MREL or TLAC, depending on what you want to call it, coming through in the fourth quarter having issued last year over $31 billion worth of instruments into the market place to meet those regulatory requirements.

Another factor that was an influence in the fourth quarter was the impact of the bank rate reduction earlier in the year.

That was certainly reflected in the fourth quarter.

And I think those are probably two of the main features that come through in that regard, FX again (multiple speakers) --

Quite a big FX impact coming from the weakness in the Mexican peso, the Chinese renminbi, the Egyptian pound and, of course, the UK pound which also, if you translate them into US dollars, has a negative impact.

But loans and advances actually grew quite strongly in the fourth quarter which, as I say, is why we can see some revenue growth, but not above that 4%, 5%, handle.

The specific thing that caused a lot of the misses against analyst estimates in the revenue line is specifically around [debt issued].

And Iain should talk around that a little bit as to, as you say, why it's not in significant items.

Yes.

If you look at the total year impact, so we have a number of long-dated bonds outstanding, part of the overall funding structure for the Group.

And those are matched by interest rate swaps.

So, we -- those are fixed rate instruments hedged, swapped into floating because the majority of our book is floating rate.

And they are matched economically across the duration.

What we clearly saw is some of the longer dated bonds as -- what we saw in the fourth quarter is we saw a little bit of winding in the valuation curves.

So, the bond is valued off a LIBOR curve, and the swap, by convention, is valued off the overnight index swap rate.

And there was a little bit of divergence that came through in that regard which impacted more in the fourth quarter than it had been over the course of the year.

If you looked to the total year the impact was less than -- it was about $200 million, $270 million, for the full year impact.

We haven't historically seen a great deal of volatility coming through this.

We don't really do anything particular from a forecasting perspective for the reasons that I've described; is that if we hold these bonds and the economic hedge swap against them through to maturity the impact should broadly migrate towards zero.

This has really been a relatively insignificant feature within the P&L and within the revenue line over recent quarters.

And it was really part of that yield -- the curve movement that we saw in the second half of the year that largely influenced it.

Whether we reclassify this, going forward, I think will largely depend on the volatility that we see coming through this.

But, to be clear, we'll provide insight to it when we do see it coming through every quarter.

Great.

Thanks for that.

Can I just have a quick supplementary on the RBWM revenues?

You called that out as well.

You mentioned there's a weakness in wealth.

Is that client activity?

Or, is that -- the traditional life insurance type returns and investment return weakness in the fourth quarter, is it clients -- the client volumes are slowing in the fourth quarter?

No.

It's actually the first half and actually it was because we had an incredibly strong first half of 2015 Hong Kong-Shanghai Stock Connect.

And then remember, the first quarter of 2016 was a really slow start and quite difficult for everything related to capital markets generally.

That created weakness in the first quarter, first half, in wealth management particularly in Hong Kong.

And the second half never made it back up.

But it looked like -- maybe I misread it, but it looked like Q3 was really strong and Q4 was a bit weaker; a couple of hundred million weaker quarter-on-quarter in Hong Kong wealth or in Asia wealth.

No.

I think what we saw coming through was fairly good numbers from a retail banking perspective rather than the wealth piece.

In Hong Kong there's big growth in deposits, so good growth in net interest margin on deposits in the retail banking space.

Yes.

And I think what we also see seasonally within the Asian business, with Hong Kong in particular, is a little bit of repositioning around the end of the year.

So, from investment distribution perspective, the revenue was down slightly in the fourth quarter versus the third but nothing of particular note.

Okay.

No major concerns there.

Okay.

Thank you.

Helpful.

Thank you.

Thanks Ronit.

Our next question today comes from Alastair Ryan from Bank of America.

Please go ahead.

Good afternoon.

Thank you.

Briefly, if I may, just for the net interest margin, just to come back to that, it was 1.75% in the first half, 1.73% for the full year.

How should we think about the exit run rate?

And how quickly the December dollar rate hike starts to outweigh the earlier in 2016 rate cuts in places like the UK?

Second, Iain, just on your comments on the CML, now you're quite clear you hope to be out of that in 2017.

Did I understand correctly that the entities will be gone as well then?

Because clearly in the past they've been a big consumer of stress-test capital for you.

And thirdly just on your comment on slide 20, an encouraging start to the year.

Can you -- can I encourage you to quantify encouraging?

Okay.

So, Alastair.

On NIMs, going back to it.

Taking the fourth quarter discrete, the NIM in the fourth quarter was 160 basis points.

Now, if you take out the annualized effect of Brazil on a year-to-date basis through the third quarter, you take out the annualized effect of Brazil, that's 10 basis points.

You then have about a 5 basis point or a 6 basis point move between the third quarter and the fourth quarter.

That's contributed to by a little bit of asset compression coming through UK mortgages.

So, what we clearly saw last year was a pretty competitive environment for UK mortgages.

We competed in that market, more broadly, with strengthening our presence in the broker channel, as we talked about, over the course of the year.

So, we saw a little bit of spread compression coming through there.

At the end of the year and the beginning of this year you probably noticed there was coverage by the fact that some of the better priced products in that space had been withdrawn just as we responded to some of the pressures in that area.

Other factors coming through I've already mentioned.

One of them, the CML portfolio and TLAC costs.

But the discrete fourth quarter was 160 basis points Alastair.

In terms of CCAR and CML, we'll have substantially all of the assets, and by that I mean we expect to be well under $1 billion of remaining unpaid principal balances, probably around $300 million to $400 million of unpaid principal balances outstanding by the time we get to the half year.

Now when you reflect on that from a CCAR and a DFAST stress testing perspective in the US, it's the asset portfolio that's caused the stress, it's not per se -- it's not the existence of the legal entity.

So what we would expect to have accomplished by the half year is substantially all the assets be gone and the process of winding down the legal entity has in actual fact already commenced.

That is a state by state regulated business in the US, and as we come out of a state and have no further loans outstanding, we start rationalizing those legal entities, and clearly for a number of years now have been rationalizing the infrastructure supporting that business.

But the cause of stress coming through CCAR and DFAST was the asset portfolio.

So as that goes, the opportunity to be stressed in that regard will go with it.

And in terms of encouraging, I think on chart 20, as you say, we've laid out some of the short-term pressures that we see.

Clearly foreign exchange had an adverse impact on revenues last year.

Those rates didn't particularly move in an encouraging direction in an early part of the year.

We will continue, we've got just over $31 billion of MREL instruments out in the market last year, consistent with previous guidance.

We've got somewhere between 60 to 80 to do so 2017 should be a reasonably big year in that regard once again, and there'll be some costs associated with that.

Lower UK interest rate, that's just really the full year impact of what we saw happen on the bank rate earlier in 2016, and then there's the CML.

But we do see those as largely being short-term influences.

What we have seen, and we talked about it earlier, is the growth coming through the Asian business.

Notwithstanding some of the geopolitical uncertainty in the UK, that business performed well in commercial banking, global banking and markets over the course of 2016 as well, and hopefully carrying some momentum into 2017.

So I think in the round reasonably optimistic, but we do have some short-term revenue headwinds to deal with.

The rate rise in December probably adds about $300 million to the NII of 2017 and about $500 million to $600 million in subsequent years.

We've assumed two rate rises in this year, but in the second half of the year, so if we get a rate rise in March, that would be obviously an earlier benefit for us.

January was a strong month.

GBM had a strong January but obviously it's the type of business that you can't really extrapolate.

But it had a strong January and so did RBWM as the impact of higher rates came through the deposit base, which is essentially the number I've just mentioned.

Thank you very much.

Thanks Alastair.

The next question today comes from Chirantan Barua from Bernstein.

Please go ahead.

Morning guys.

Three quick ones.

One, Iain, you mentioned about the CML portfolio and the wind-down.

We've always been interested in the excess capital there.

You've announced a $1 billion buyback right now from your Brazilian proceeds.

How should we think about now that excess capital?

When do you hear from the Fed next and when will you communicate with the street with regards to what you do with capital repatriation from the US?

That's number one.

Second, the reg and compliance cost just keeps going up and up.

It's a significant item, and I know that you've brought in a new cost plan.

It would be great to understand how do you see the $3 billion, $3.5 billion going forward over the next three, four years, what is sticky and what is not?

And the third, a quick technical question.

Your rate sensitivity on rest of Asia has gone up sharply from the first half.

Is there a liquidity book that you have moved to China, Singapore or somewhere else?

I just want to understand what's driving that uptick in sensitivity.

Thank you.

Okay.

From a CML perspective or more broadly US capital, we had within our CCAR submission for 2016 a dividend proposal from the US holding company to the parent in early 2017, so actually at the beginning of the second quarter in 2017.

That capital plan raised no objection from the Federal Reserve, so we would expect that dividend to proceed in the early second quarter of this year.

When that does proceed, we'll let you know obviously what the number is.

Broadly speaking we've described having in excess of $8 billion of surplus capital in the US and that's been informed by the portfolio repositioning over the course of the last two years, the [disposition] of the credit card business back in 2012, 2013, the run off of the CML portfolio, the overall reshaping of the business.

I think we've also guided that the expectation in terms of being able to move the surplus capital out of the US, while still clearly continuing to invest appropriately in the growth of our US business, is something that's likely to take three to five years.

And certainly one of the things that informs that, in fact the key thing that informs that, is us continuing to be successful in our CCAR submissions -- our next one will be on April 1 this year -- and ensuring that we continue to improve our overall capacity to plan, forecast and manage the capital position within our US business.

But I think we certainly remain very confident in terms of being able to get the capital position in the US to an appropriate standing with respect to the risks and the business that we run in the US and thereby repackaging capital to parent company.

But we'll keep you posted.

So on regulatory programs and compliance, so, as you noted, the total expenditure was about $3 billion in 2016, which is about $400 million higher than 2015.

Of this, the spend on global standards was about $1.6 billion in 2016 within that $3 billion number.

And probably the expenditure on global standards peaks in 2017.

We expect the implementation of systems and IT platform to obviously therefore enable us to scale without incremental costs going up with that scaling.

However, this is part of our BAU, so I would not expect us to see a material reduction either in that $3 billion number.

But, as I say, 2017 should be the peak number, but then I would expect us to see that repeat in future years.

I think going back just momentarily to your capital question Chira, how do we deal with that.

The capital that comes back to the parent company in the form of dividends, capital transactions like the Brazilian disposal, any dividends that we would receive from the US legal entity or any other goes into the general capital pool of the parent company.

And the deployment of that is focused on investing to grow the business, supporting the dividend to the shareholders.

And as we've said, from time to time, as appropriate, we'll consider buybacks.

I wouldn't necessarily link any of the capital actions specifically to buybacks or anything else.

It becomes part of the general pool, which Stuart and the management team, along with the Board, then make decisions around how that is attributed to the various priorities.

So if you look at the Asia Pacific rate sensitivity, a pretty big growth in deposits in China.

Remember China sits in that Asia Pacific number.

Big rate moves down in China on that deposit base, so much more rate sensitivity.

There's no book being moved.

Thank you.

Thanks very much.

Thanks.

The next question today comes from the line of Raul Sinha from JPMorgan.

Please go ahead.

Morning gentlemen.

If I can have two please, just the first one on the rate sensitivity again.

I think you've been very clear on the short end of the curve and the sensitivity to that, but you also mentioned the steepening of the US and the Hong Kong yield curves.

And so I was wondering if you can maybe talk a little bit about the sensitivity to the mid or the long end of the curve and how you might be positioned or changing your positioning on that, especially in Q4?

Again, not much really.

When you think about where the US dollar rate really benefited in the second half of last year, it was at the long end, it was really 10 years and beyond.

When you look at the asset composition of our balance sheet, we don't have a particularly large component of the balance sheet, in fact a relatively small proportion of the balance sheet is longer dated, with the majority really sitting below five years.

So although clearly a steepening of the curve helps us, it's going to take longer to work its way through the asset base and really result in terms of uptick.

So what helps us are policy rate increases and movements in the shorter end of the curve.

So it's a help, but it doesn't have the same impact as things at the shorter end.

The way to think about balance sheet management is it's three years and under.

Okay.

That's helpful.

It's the kind of one month, three years is steep, we get a lot of money riding down that curve.

But think about it three years and under.

So what the 10 year or 30 year does is not that relevant.

Sure.

Okay.

I think broadly speaking, if you think about it in this terms -- we've talked about this before -- a rising rate environment, you're generally going to see that improvement coming through the businesses, retail bank, wealth management, commercial bank, global banking and markets, with a possible downside to that within balance sheet management.

But by the same token, you'll have seen highly consistent earnings coming through balance sheet management over the course of the last four or five years where it has consistently fallen within the $2.5 billion to $3 billion, this year being at the $3 billion end of that range.

Okay.

And just a second one.

We haven't talked about asset quality on the call but obviously this was a very good quarter.

I think you had some write-backs in Q4 as well.

But clearly some of your peers have had different experiences more recently and obviously you've got quite a low risk profile in the balance sheet.

But I was just wondering if you could talk a little bit about what's the real underlying run rate you see in terms of provisions and what your thoughts are in terms of the outlook.

Can it get better from this or is this as good as it gets?

Look, I think one of the things certainly as a couple of the Asian banks came out with their results last week, we had a quick call with our colleagues in Hong Kong over the weekend, just to get any really up to date feedback about what they saw coming through, and the story has been remarkably consistent in terms of asset quality across retail bank, commercial banking, global banking and markets.

The year was clearly impacted by higher provisions in the metals and mining and oil and gas sector, principally in our North American businesses.

But that being said, we saw some credits coming through in the commercial banking business in those sectors as the year progressed.

But credit quality, whether you look at it from a China perspective, Hong Kong, the wider Asian, the UK, the European remains very, very stable, and there are no really adverse indicators at this point coming through the book.

Questions have been put to us earlier this morning by Reuters, Bloomberg for example, is have we seen any impact from Brexit.

And at this point in the game, no we absolutely haven't.

So I think overall credit quality remains stable.

We did get some credits coming through in the fourth quarter which gives us probably a slightly artificial view, but again we're at a fairly benign point in the cycle.

I am, as you know, notoriously disinclined to forecast LICs from a basis points as a percentage of outstanding loans, but again, if you sort of take account of where you saw oil and gas, metals and mining exposures being dealt with by us in the course of late 2015 and 2016 and normalize for that, you get some sense as to where the run rate might be.

Sure.

Iain, any thoughts on IFRS 9 and how that might change in terms of should we start to think about that from 2018 in terms of your provision?

Well the industry is certainly thinking about it big time, I think more probably in terms of the context of how it affects capital and volatility within the capital ratio.

Thinking about this over the duration of a loan, it shouldn't change.

If we maintain consistent underwriting and discipline in terms of how we manage the book, it should not change the lifetime loss experience.

However, the timing with which that gets recognized from a stage one, stage two, stage three perspective in IFRS 9 clearly could, almost certainly will, introduce some volatility.

And if you were to see significant sectoral downturns -- again I'll refer back to the stuff we saw in oil and gas at the end of 2015 -- that would move quite a lot of the book into stage two and you'd see some quite significant upward volatility, upward movement in loan impairment charges.

But from a lifetime credit cost perspective, it shouldn't change, unless we allow that short-term volatility to filter through to how we actually underwrite and manage the exposure.

And I think that's something we've got to focus on.

If you step back from the standard itself, I think the area where our regulators are beginning -- they're only just beginning to think about -- is how that reads through to potential short-term volatility and capital ratios and how they deal with that.

So look, the industry is full steam ahead in implementing the standard.

It goes in on January 1 next year.

You will see volatility.

In theory, what you'll see is credit losses recognized much, much earlier in the cycle.

Whether that necessarily is a good thing remains to be seen, but lifetime impact should remain reasonably consistent.

Okay.

Just quickly, when do you think we might get some guidance in terms of the impact, of the upfront impact of IFRS 9?

Second half.

Okay.

Thank you.

The next question today comes from Claire Kane from Credit Suisse.

Please go ahead.

Hi, good morning.

A couple of follow-up questions on the revenue outlook please.

Firstly, on the NIM, I think you said 160 basis points for Q4.

Did you say that the like-for-like sequential impact was minus 5bps, so Q3 was 165 basis points?

And also, could you explain whether there was any hedging impact in there, or was that 5bps broadly related to just the UK?

And then my second point is on the MREL or TLAC guidance.

You've said it would go up to $0.9 billion for 2017.

Can you confirm that that is our long-term run rate, or should we expect there to be an additional impact going into 2018 and beyond if you need to be MREL compliant by 2021?

And then finally my third question just really to wrap it up.

Clearly some of the headwinds you flag in terms of FX broadly relate to the first half of 2016.

So if we consider the second half adjusted revenue run rate of around just under $49 billion, consensus is looking for around 6% uplift year-on-year versus that run rate.

Given your commentary around volumes, do you think that's reasonable in the context of the NIM pressures?

Thank you.

Hi Claire.

So to be clear, the 5bps, you're right, it was a 5bps impact.

It was influenced by the factors I mentioned earlier in the call, the UK -- compression in UK mortgages was one of the contributors.

That was about 2 basis points or 3 basis points.

TLAC and CML run off were the other contributors.

There was no real notable impact from hedging coming through in the fourth quarter; it was informed by assets on the balance sheet and movement within that.

From an MREL perspective, the long-term guidance that we've provided is consistent, $60 billion to $80 billion, based on firming up guidance coming from our regulators as to exactly how much is required, where it is required to be positioned, the characteristics of it.

Clearly there is a first threshold which is compliant by 2019, and that's really what we've focused on.

So within that timeframe, somewhere between $60 billion to $80 billion of issuance to be accomplished, $31 billion accomplished in 2016.

Broadly speaking, assuming there's good reception for this in the marketplace, we'd expect to do much the same in 2017.

And to the extent that any further issuance is required, we'd complete that in 2018 to reach the first threshold of compliance in 2019.

Clearly, as you point out, the final compliance line around the full implementation of MREL is 2022.

So I think based on guidance we are today, the $900 million is broadly consistent, subject to whether or not there is more that needs to be done in 2018.

And I think we really need greater clarity and guidance around quantification and characterization and treatment of MREL from our regulators, not only in Europe but further afield, because this -- it's not called MREL outside Europe, it's called TLAC, but it is a global phenomenon that needs to be implemented.

But I wouldn't change the long-term guidance in that regard at this point.

In terms of overall revenue outlook for 2017, I'm not really super keen on filling out the old spreadsheet for you there.

So we've given you some pretty good guidance around what we think the FX impact is.

There are other short-term pressures that we've highlighted, but we've also talked to the kind of growth that we see coming through the business.

And what we've seen, certainly in the fourth quarter and the first few weeks of 2017 has been encouraging in that regard.

Okay, thank you.

Could I maybe just have one follow-up then?

In terms of the NII trajectory versus the Q4 run rate, do you think volumes would more than mitigate the NIM pressure that you've guided to relative to the Q4 base?

We will certainly be focused on the management of the assets that we underwrite.

Our teams in BSM do a great job of managing overall liquidity portfolio and interest rate risk in the book for us.

So our focus will be on trying to mitigate NIM pressures and continue to grow volumes to offset that, but also to grow volumes in a way that accrete returns for the business.

That's a discipline which Samir and his colleagues, Noel and his colleagues, John and his colleagues are very focused on is putting business on the books that bring us to improved returns against risk weighted assets and returns on equity in the business.

And I think when you look at return on risk weighted assets and the improvements that global banking and markets have realized, commercial banking have realized, that is encouraging, and that's a discipline that's going to remain in place.

Great.

Thank you.

Thanks Claire.

The next question today comes from Tom Rayner from Exane.

Please go ahead.

Yes, morning chaps.

Just a couple of questions please.

Firstly, can I just go back to the share buyback announcement, because you're fairly clear that this is a first-half buyback and it's very much linked still to the capital release from Brazil.

So my question is, once we get to say the interim stage this year, the CCAR is behind you, and assuming there's no problems with any of that, is it fair to assume that then it's like a clean page for the rest of the year?

We shouldn't take this $1 billion necessarily as a proxy for what you're planning to do for the year as a whole?

That's my first question, and then I've got another question on the revenue headwinds if that's okay.

So yes, Tom, what you should assume is that, as we evidenced last year, we're starting to obviously manage our capital in a much more active way than we've been able to do previously because at 13.6%, 13.5% after this buyback we are in a good position.

And what we'll be doing is looking at what our capital position is, first of all we're trying to actually not have this as surplus capital but actually use it within the business by obviously putting on risk-weighted assets at accretive returns.

If we can't put them on at accretive returns, and assuming that we're nicely covered on the dividend, it's possible, subject to regulatory approval, we might look at doing further buybacks.

But the first priority has got to be to see if we can actually make this work within the business, and that will be the huge focus of all of the teams.

The focus of the teams is not essentially to see if we can buy back; the focus of the teams is to see if we can accretive RWAs deployed within the business.

So yes, I think the way you characterized it, that you get to the interims and it's a blank sheet of paper, is the way to think about it, but I don't want you to raise expectations and start modeling perpetual buybacks.

We won't be doing that.

If we actually do see reasonable growth coming around, if we see higher interest rates, as I said earlier, balance sheet management, the whole series of books makes a lot of money in the naught to three-year area.

If we get steeper curves but we'll actually be using that capital up in the business.

Okay, very clear.

Thanks.

Just on the revenue headwinds, just a little bit more color.

You mentioned TLAC; I think Iain, you've said the $900 million for now is the guidance.

I'm assuming that is -- the $900 million is a net figure, that's not a cost of the new TLAC which will be offset by some ineligible debt maturing.

Is that right that I'm thinking about?

That is the negative carry we've talked about, Tom.

Clearly the focus within the business is to find ways of deploying that higher cost debt in a way that we can mitigate that negative carry to the extent possible.

So again, that's a focus on which balance sheet management is zeroed in, and clearly we bring the expertise to bear from clearly Stuart's experience as well as Samir and the team's in terms of how we mitigate that.

But that is the negative carry that we're projecting.

Sure.

And then just on the FX, you flagged up the $2 billion headwind if rates stay at the January level, but obviously as it works through the P&L it's going to affect the other lines as well.

How should that drop down to pre-tax or even net income in terms of headwind?

Will it be the same sort of percentage impact all the way down the income statement?

So look Tom, we would certainly expect to see some kind of corresponding benefit coming through the operating expenses which mitigates some of that headwind that we see coming through revenues from FX.

So I think if you think of it in broad terms, perhaps about 30% of it we see having an adverse impact on the P&L because we get some benefit coming through loan impairment charges and operating expenses.

Yes, okay, thanks.

Sorry, just one very final one from me.

On the -- you specifically mentioned the mortgage pressure in the UK.

I'm just trying to get a sense of whether you view this as a market phenomenon, or is it a real push for market share by you guys, you're happy to maybe trade off that volume margin, or do you think it's the market itself is becoming more competitive?

Well certainly this is an area where Francesca and Tony in the UK can give us much more insight and detail around what's happening on a day to day basis.

But it clearly was a competitive marketplace in 2016, true in 2015.

The team in the UK engaged much more actively with selected brokers to give ourselves line of sight to a larger share of the UK market.

And from a volumes and stock perspective, we grew market share in 2016.

But it is clearly competitive from a pricing perspective.

I think we had one of the best priced products in the marketplace in 2016 for a significant period of time, and in the latter -- it was either the latter part of the year or very early this year, we took that particular offering off the marketplace.

So it goes back to Stuart's comment.

We are absolutely focused on growing our market share in products that we know we can make good returns on, but by the same token, there's a very strong focus on return generation within the business and continuing to improve those returns, both in terms of return on risk-weighted assets and the wider capital equation around return on equity.

So discipline around that capital deployment is at a heightened and increasing level within the firm.

Okay, very clear.

Okay, thanks a lot.

Thanks Tom.

Your next question today comes from the line of Martin Leitgeb from Goldman Sachs.

Please go ahead.

Yes, good morning from my side.

I have just three questions and the first one is a follow-up on earlier comments on the rate sensitivity.

I was just wondering if you could give us a steer in terms of currency denomination of your deposit base, and what percentage of your global deposits are denominated in either US dollar or Hong Kong dollar?

Obviously we get some steer of that coming from the booking location of the deposits, which it implies slightly shy of 50% on those currencies.

But I was just wondering if you could give us a steer if that is the right number or if the number could be meaningfully higher in terms of US dollar, Hong Kong dollar deposit exposure.

The second question is to follow up on your just previous comment or answer on Tom's question on the UK mortgage space.

I get a bit of sense, looking at pricing relative to market, that it feels like something held you back a little bit during the year in terms of mortgage growth in the UK.

And it seems also that that growth has accelerated in the second half and I was just wondering if this has to do further with your roll-out of intermediary networks and if we should assume that going forward from here growth in net new mortgage lending in the UK would further accelerate?

And the final question also on the UK but here on the current account side.

It seems from what we read in the press that the current account offering at this point in time is very competitive in the UK.

And I was just wondering if you could say share a bit of detail on the strategy there?

Because looking at the latest account, it seems like there's quite a substantial deposit overhang in the UK and I was just trying to get a sense of what the aim here is in terms of broadening the current account offering.

Thank you.

So I think if I take the last one first, you'll have seen again the deposit -- the AD ratio, the asset to deposit ratio, sitting just below 68%.

We saw significant customer deposit growth across each of our global businesses within 2016.

Most notably that was within Hong Kong, the wider Asia and UK.

And so we've got a current account and overall savings proposition out there in the marketplace.

Customers either like it because of how it's priced or they like it because of the strength of HSBC balance sheet and the overall security.

I think if you were to split it out, from a corporate perspective it's probably the latter and from a retail customer perspective I think it's probably more difficult to point to any particular differentiation in that regard.

If you think about overall deposit concentration, the greatest -- the most significant deposit surplus that we carry is in Hong Kong.

It is the most significant by a long stretch.

It is then followed by strong deposit and AD ratios within the UK, and then latterly, if you work down the list, you come to the US as being third in terms of overall concentration of deposits that are either US dollar directly or US dollar linked.

But Hong Kong is the big beast in that equation.

I think in terms of mortgage growth in the UK, there clearly was a focus in 2015 and 2016 in terms of expanding our ability to access more of the market from -- in terms of being able to see more of the market in terms of accessing mortgage leads.

But in terms of overall growth, it's actually been a fairly steady picture in terms of 2016 versus 2017, where we've grown at a reasonably steady pace from the first quarter of 2016 through the second, third and fourth quarters.

If you think about this, at the beginning of the year we had slightly less than $93 billion outstanding in UK mortgage balances, and at the end of the year we had about $96 billion, and that's on a constant currency basis.

So overall, we grew the book, but I wouldn't have called it a headlong charge for growth.

But there's a very strong balance between underwriting discipline and doing the right thing in terms of appropriate product for the customers in terms of the direction of the UK business.

Thank you.

And on the deposit denomination, is this roughly 50% steer what is reflective of the US dollar, Hong Kong dollar exposure?

We'll come back to that.

It's like I said, the Hong Kong dollar deposits in terms of something linked to the US dollar is the most significant surplus that we've got sitting around the world.

I don't have the breakdown of the deposit base globally for the Group by currency, but we can come back to you on that one.

Thank you very much.

The next question today comes from Jason Napier from UBS.

Please go ahead.

Good morning, good afternoon.

Two on costs please and then one on capital.

The enlarged gross cost program and the breakdown of the waterfall there, I just wanted to ask again for a little bit more color on the inflation and reg costs, up well over $1 billion now versus the original plan, and some sense as to what has changed there.

I appreciate the comments on taking it as OpEx; I'm just interested in the way that things have turned out.

And likewise, the very substantial increase in transformational savings that you're aiming for, just perhaps by division where that is coming from, given the size of the numbers.

Secondly, a much easier one, the corporate center costs ex-levy looked reassuringly stable at about $250 million a quarter, and I just wondered if an underlying $1 billion a year run rate for corporate center ex-levy was about right?

And then I have a last question on capital.

Do you want to give me the question on capital?

Certainly.

So -- and I'm afraid I'm really just asking you to rehearse what I think you already said at Q3 around the change in treatment of BoCom.

But if I think about some of the comments today, the buyback announced today takes you to 13.5% of CET1.

The $8 billion of capital that you've mentioned you said is potentially excess in the US is another 100 basis points, and BoCom is worth a little over 100 in Q3.

I'm just trying to understand again whether the sense from yourselves is that the change in treatment at the PRA level is in the near term or in the medium term distributable.

Because that would imply a new running deck for capital requirement of 11.5%, which I think many investors might regard as too good to be true.

Sorry, can you grind out your rationale for 11.5%?

You're suggesting that an appropriate ratio for the Group at 11.5% Common Equity Tier 1?

Well, I'm just trying to check the math.

So I think in response to an earlier question you said that you'd suggested that excess capital in the US was $8 billion.

Right, so that's 100 basis points.

The benefit in Q3 from the PRA change to the BoCom treatment was 104 basis points.

So kind of where you are now net of those two things is 11.5% and I was just wanting to get your sense --

No, no, no.

Wrong way to think about it.

We've set out a Common Equity Tier 1 ratio target of 12% to 13%, and I think for probably the last 12 months to 18 months we've been pretty clear that probably at the top end of that range is the appropriate place for us to be, certainly until some of the regulatory uncertainty that still persists is resolved in an appropriate manner.

Clearly it was a little bit disappointing that we didn't get to final guidance on Basel III revisions or Basel IV in January.

We'll hopefully get something on that later this year.

But no, our Common Equity Tier 1 sitting at 13.5% after this buyback is 50 basis points above the top end of the range that we would target.

So, therefore, it kind of comes back to Stuart's comments; when we have capital resources at the Group that are in excess of our Common Equity Tier 1 ratio, there's a number of factors we'll consider.

One, the investment opportunity at improved return levels within the Group, the overall coverage for the dividend, and then consider the opportunity for buyback.

The other factors that clearly flow into that is where we are with respect to overall stability in the regulatory environment as it relates to capital resources, and more broadly dealing with uncertainty from a geopolitical perspective and how that could impact the overall revenue and profit generation within the Group.

So there are -- it is a multifaceted problem that the industry faces, and I think we've got a pretty sensible and sound framework around dealing with that.

But do not assume that moving significantly below 13% is something that we would countenance in the short, medium or long term.

Thank you.

That's very clear.

Okay.

From a costs perspective, going to the overall compliance.

The overall regulatory and compliance costs go well beyond the global standards.

The global standards is a significant component of that, and as Stuart pointed out, we continue to invest on delivering our commitments against the US deferred prosecution agreement and the agreement with the Financial Conduct Authority in the UK.

And that is a level of investment that we would expect, and certainly Colin Bell who leads that overall focus for us, is firmly of the view that investment in that area will peak in 2017, and that's consistent with previous guidance that we've provided in that regard.

Other programs that fall into that, stress testing.

We do multiple stress tests around the world for regulators.

We did over 60 stress tests last year, informed by regulatory guidance.

We have our own internal stress testing program that's been running for many years that really informs questions that Marc Moses, our Chief Risk Officer, Stuart, the Board have, that we stress test against.

It also covers implementation of the ring-fenced bank in the United Kingdom; it covers the implementation of IFRS 9; it covers CCAR in the United States.

So there's a broad base of programs that are dealt with within the regulatory and compliance space.

Implementation of the senior manager regime in the UK is another that falls into this area.

The area of expanded investment is primarily within the global standards program as it relates to anti-money laundering and sanctions control and overall financial crime risk management.

And we would expect that investment to peak in 2017, and as Stuart said, we would expect that to become part of the run rate.

I think our view is that we will deliver productivity over time, but we will deliver that productivity over the broader suite of our regulatory compliance -- regulatory and compliance programs as opposed to specifically within the global standards program.

In terms of what's really delivering the cost saves, it's across each of the global businesses, focused both on front office and back office processes.

There's a very significant contribution to this from our technology and operations teams in terms of the efficiency with which our service centers around the world operate, loading and optimization of the workforce within those in terms of getting better efficiency in terms of responding to customer requirements, collection activities for example.

From a technology perspective, the overhaul that Andy Maguire and Darryl West have led across the organization is leading to some significant savings.

And one of the consequences that you saw from that was the impairment that we took in the fourth quarter against some of the software that we no longer deploy within the business.

But it is really across every aspect of the business.

Within the supporting functions, across risk, across finance, we've seen significant savings realized as we improve processes.

And really what we've seen, which has informed the increase of the target, is not necessarily a proliferation of programs that we've got delivering those efficiencies, but getting greater yield from the programs that we've already launched.

Clearly there are more programs being launched, but the main contributor is greater yield from programs that we've already had up and running, and frankly getting better at this as time goes on.

I think the other point to make here is this is not about getting to the end of 2017, dropping the tools, taking a big rest, slugging back a glass of champagne and congratulating ourselves, but it's about carrying that productivity into 2018 and beyond.

Thank you.

And then the last one was corporate center ex-levy, about $1 billion a year.

That feels like a sort of stable-ish number does it when we come to grips with the new divisions?

It's not a bad number for 2017 but just as the rest of the business is focused on delivering cost savings and better processes, our corporate center is focused on the same thing.

So it's not a bad number but we'll be working on -- we'll be focused on trying to work that one a bit southwards as well.

Thank you.

We've got time for one last question.

We will take our last question today from Stephen Andrews from Deutsche Bank.

Please go ahead.

Hi.

Thank you guys.

Yes, it just comes back to that last question on slide 7 on the corporate center and that $1 billion for the year ex-levy.

Can you just make a comment on the bank levy -- it came in a little bit lower than expectation; you said there was a write-back -- what you would expect that to be this year.

Because I think it was about $300 million better than people's expectations.

Yes, so the rate dropped.

So you'll recall from the budget in 2015 I think, the rate will drop each year from now to 2021 when the basis of assessment will go from the consolidated balance sheet of the Group to the UK balance sheet of the Group.

And it is in 2021 when we will realize a significant reduction in the bank levy, assuming that budget undertaking and legislation remains in place.

What you should expect between now and 2020 is somewhere in the range of $1 billion to $1.1 billion each year for the bank levy.

So net of the bank levy we should just really be running that corporate center forward as zero, because it looks like a lot of the TLAC costs, the roll-off costs now of the US CML, all of this in that corporate center with the new breakdown.

Is that correct?

So would you expect any contribution at all from the corporate center which has been positive in the past?

I'm sorry, when you say positive, what do you mean?

Well, if you -- if I go to slide 7 and look at the underlying run rates you're giving on the businesses, you've got the global businesses and the corporate center, and the corporate center, as you rightly pointed out in your comments, is the minus $621 million in the last quarter which was the debt issue.

Yes.

If I'm right, what you were saying just now with the previous question was that we're looking at about $1 billion -- that running at $1 billion for the full year ex the levy, because obviously there's a lot more drags on that going forward, as you've pointed out.

Yes.

So if you're saying $1 billion for the full year, we take off the $1.1 billion, essentially for the full year we should be pretty much forecasting that as zero for the full year on each quarter.

I know you don't give forecasts but is that how we should think about it?

So from an ex-levy perspective?

Yes, including levy full year, roughly zero.

But remember what's going through the corporate center here.

You've got the associates, you've got BoCom, you've got Saudi British Bank, you've got headquarter operating expenses, you've got the net of our corporate -- our global service centers, revenue and expenses coming through that, you've got a proportion of the TLAC costs coming through that, some of which clearly is pushed down to the operating entities as we preposition that.

So there are still fairly -- there's very active flows coming through the corporate center.

Ex-levy -- I think the better analysis is the ex-levy is from an operating expense perspective, subject to the comments I made is probably $1 billion.

Ex-levy, okay, so including levy.

Okay.

Okay?

Yes, thanks.

Okay, thanks everyone.

Thank you very much.

That's all for now.

Thank you.

Thank you ladies and gentlemen, that concludes the call for the HSBC Holdings PLC annual results 2016.

You may now disconnect.