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Operator
Good day and welcome to the VF Corporation fourth-quarter 2015 earnings conference call.
Today's conference is being recorded.
At this time I would like to turn the conference over to Lance Allega, VP of IR.
Please go ahead.
Lance Allega - VP of IR
Thank you, operator and good morning everyone.
Thanks for joining us today to discuss VF's fourth-quarter 2015 results.
I would like to remind everyone that participants on this call will make forward-looking statements.
These statements are based on current expectations and are subject to certain risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially.
These risks and uncertainties are detailed in documents filed regularly with the SEC.
I would also like to remind everyone that unless otherwise noted amounts that our participants refer to on today's call will predominantly be in currency neutral terms.
By our definition which is detailed in the press release issued at 6:55 AM Eastern this morning, currency neutral amounts exclude both the impact of translating foreign currencies into US dollars and the impact of currency rate changes on foreign currency denominated transactions.
You may also hear us refer to reported amounts which are in accordance to US GAAP and include translation and transactional impacts of foreign currency exchange rates.
We have chosen these currency neutral amounts as a lead number in our discussions because we feel it more accurately represents the true operational performance and underlying results of our businesses and brands.
Reconciliations of GAAP measures to currency neutral amounts can be found in the supplemental financial information included with the press release which identify and quantify all excluded items.
Joining us on today's call will be VF's Chairman and CEO, Eric Wiseman; President and COO, Steve Rendle; our CFO, Scott Roe; and VF Executives, Karl Heinz Salzburger and Scott Baxter.
Following our prepared remarks we will open the call for questions and ask that you please limit yourselves to two questions per caller.
Thanks.
Eric?
Eric Wiseman - Chairman, President and CEO
Thank you, Lance.
Good morning, everyone, and thank you for joining us to recap the year recently completed and our outlook for 2016.
2015 was a strong year for VF's businesses around the world.
You will recall that our original outlook for the year called for currency neutral revenue growth of 8% and earnings growth of 12% and through the first nine months, we tracked ahead of that goal with topline growth of 9% and earnings up 15%.
Then during our call in October, we spoke about a more cautious approach to the balance of the year including a softer consumer environment and appropriately we adjusted our outlook for the year.
Our fundamental assumptions proved to be accurate; however, the consumer softness accelerated and was compounded by the warmest fourth quarter on record.
As the quarter developed we took immediate action to leverage the many strengths of our business model and pulled many operational levers to minimize the impact, manage the inventories and maintain brand integrity during a difficult retail period.
Our fourth-quarter results did not materialize as we originally planned.
However, our responsiveness and operational agility allowed us to finish out the year in a way that is consistent with our 2017 goals.
Currency neutral revenue was up 6% and EPS was up 12% and when you normalize for the 53rd week over the past two years, both 2015 and 2014 averaged 7% revenue growth and 13% EPS growth.
So while we were a point shy on the top line, we were right on for the bottom line against our 2017 plans for these two years.
As we close out 2015, I have a renewed sense of resolve and respect for how nimble and capable our Company really is and I have complete confidence in our ability to drive future growth and shareholder returns.
As consumers' priorities continue to change, we are right there with them strategically analyzing their shopping behavior, their preferences and the way they interact with our brands whether that is in our stores or online or through our wholesale partners, they are demanding more from the products they buy, more engagement and more authenticity from the brands they choose to develop relationships with and the ability to show up whenever and however they choose to shop.
I am confident that VF is uniquely positioned to win in this environment.
So what's in store for 2016?
We expect the retail and currency environments to remain challenging mostly in the first half as last year's overhang works through the system before conditions normalize in our most meaningful quarters of the year.
Throughout 2016, we will seize the opportunity to stay on the offense and we will remain focused on the things that keep us healthy in 2016 and beyond such as: we are making outsized investments in product innovation to drive newness and excitement into the marketplace; we are building even stronger relationships with our consumers; we are strengthening our operational capabilities and delivering appropriate financial performance while positioning VF for sustainable, profitable growth over the long-term.
Our team will go deeper into the details in a moment but translating all of that into our 2016 financial outlook we expect mid single-digit revenue growth and 11% EPS growth.
Given our incomplete visibility into the year especially our round our cold weather related products, we believe this is a sensible reflection on the current and going forward environment.
As I think more about our future, I think about VF's strengths and how they have enabled us to develop a respected track record of success with brands we have added to our portfolio.
Strategically, we've describe ourselves as active portfolio managers.
While I can't be specific, I can tell you that in 2016 we are taking an especially focused and proactive look toward the composition of our portfolio to ensure that we are optimally positioned to maximize growth and returns to our shareholders.
We are actively exploring the segments of the business we want to expand our portfolio in and we are exploring where we might want less exposure.
We will certainly talk more about this in the future and keep you posted as those plans unfold.
As you know, we have a long history of returning cash to our shareholders.
In 2016, we will continue this commitment because a softer environment shouldn't mean shareholders have to sit on the sidelines.
We've got a healthy increase in our share buyback to about $1 billion and with our dividend payout we expect to return $1.5 billion in total this year.
Now allow me to pre-answer one of your almost certain questions.
With respect to potential portfolio composition, share buyback is an and conversation, not and or conversation, meaning there is no impact to our ability to pursue acquisitions that are right for VF.
In closing, our business model remains solid and intact; nothing is fundamentally different with our story.
We are committed to our strategy and it is working.
VF is well-equipped to navigate through these near-term challenges and our strength and discipline lead us to maintain our commitment to returning shareholder value.
I am extremely proud of the work our team is doing and I'm excited about what lies ahead.
With that, I will turn the call over to Steve, Karl Heinz and Scott Baxter to take us through our coalition and brand results and then over to Scott Roe to review our financial performance.
Steve?
Steve Rendle - President and COO
Thanks, Eric.
Outdoor & Action Sports currency neutral revenue was up 1% in the fourth quarter with a mid single-digit increase in D2C offset by a decline in wholesale.
As you know we were up against a 53rd week at the end of 2014 so normalizing for that over both periods, the coalition was up 5% in the quarter.
Clearly contributing to these results was the warmest fourth quarter on record yet I'm proud to say we came through relatively strong given the challenges.
Taking a look at VF's three largest brands, fourth-quarter revenue for The North Face was down 2% with low single-digit growth in D2C offset by a mid single-digit decline in wholesale.
Excluding FX and the 53rd week, revenue in the quarter was up 1% over last year.
Revenue in the Americas region was down at a low single-digit rate, a result directly related to warm weather.
And while heavier outerwear styles did not perform to expectations, we did see success with shells and midweight styles validating our strategy to provide more adaptable multi-season product.
Thermoball is a great example of this and a franchise that continued its strong growth.
Thermoball is the best-selling outerwear franchise in the US market across all brands over the past two years.
This was bolstered by a new product specific ad campaign launched in November.
We also relaunched our Pinnacle Summit series collection globally offering best mountaineering product and pushing the limits of product innovation and technology.
Beyond outerwear, we saw a great performance in our running and training apparel driven by Mountain Athletics growing more than 40%.
Our continued efforts to connect even more deeply with consumers through inspired exploration including physical, emotional and creative pursuits has never been more strategic.
Our Never Stop exploring brand campaign which we launched in Q4 was our first expansive view of exploration and our first truly global brand effort.
And with over a billion impressions, we are really pleased with the results and confident it connected with and inspired adventurers everywhere.
As we look ahead, The North Face will continue to encourage consumers to explore, train and live and we have a great pipeline of innovative product that will help them do just that.
Now to Karl Heinz.
Karl Heinz Salzburger - Group President, International
Thank you, Steve, and good morning, everyone.
The North Face European business was down at the mid single-digit rate with low teen D2C growth being offset by declines in the wholesale business.
We saw strength in our Thermoball and Mountain Athletics collection during the quarter as well as our Ultra footwear line.
We also launched a new store concept on Regent Street in London which allows athletes to train together in weekly sessions.
We have seen great response so far.
For the full-year, The North Face in Europe grew faster than the overall outdoor apparel market.
It was challenged by unseasonably warm weather in November and December and even so, our own D2C business grew 25%.
Across the year, we put a lot of focus on elevating our brand position in the market by carefully managing inventories.
We also made meaningful steps in terms of segmenting the European marketplace from a merchandising perspective.
We feel well-positioned for accelerated growth in 2016.
In Asia, fourth-quarter revenue increased at a low single-digit rate driven by a slight growth in D2C and a relatively flat wholesale business.
During the quarter, we launched the FuseForm product for the first time with great response.
We also hosted the TNF Outdoor Festival in Shanghai Century Park which had more than 4000 visitors during the course of the weekend.
Steve Rendle - President and COO
To wrap up The North Face, revenues for the year were up 5% globally in 2015 to $2.3 billion or up 6% excluding FX and the 53rd week.
And while we are off our long-term growth target this year, our fourth-quarter performance does give me confidence that this brand is built to perform in many environments, is strong and opportunistically has many competitive advantages in play.
Given the current environment as we look at 2016, we see the year ahead as an opportunity to evolve and amplify The North Face brand both on a strategic and tactical level.
We have realigned our global category management model to better focus on individual consumer usage occasions.
This enables us to deliver even stronger product and brand experiences to connect and inspire new and existing consumers in ways never done before.
For the full year, we expect The North Face to grow revenue at a mid single-digit rate so similar to 2015.
This early outlook based on fourth-quarter results and our fall selling process is an accurate reflection of what we see ahead.
Turning to Vans.
Global revenue was up 8% in the fourth quarter with a low double-digit increase in D2C and a low single-digit increase in the wholesale business.
Excluding FX and the 53rd week, the fourth quarter was up 13%.
In the Americas, the fourth quarter was up at a mid single-digit rate, again impacted by the 53rd week with double digit D2C growth and a slight decline in wholesale.
On the product front, we continue to see success with our strategic move toward providing a complete four-season offering.
As evidence, our all weather Mountain edition footwear styles were all top sellers and we've already seen significant sell-in for 2016 for these styles as well.
We are also seeing success with our Mountain edition weatherized apparel, further extending our brand beyond footwear and are collaborations including one with Vans and The North Face are reinforcing our commitment to blending street style and performance in innovative products and really showing the consumer the strength of the VF portfolio.
True to our off-the-wall culture, we continue to redefine new ways to connect with our consumers.
During the fourth quarter, our Propeller skateboarding film saw great success and was one of iTune's top 10 documentaries of the year not to mention Transworld Skateboarding's film of the year.
Vans was also recently named the number one sneaker brand on Instagram, our young consumer's number one social platform.
These are great wins for the brand and great testament to keeping our core consumer at the center of everything we do.
Karl Heinz Salzburger - Group President, International
In Europe, Vans revenue was up at the high single-digit rate with growth in both D2C and wholesale.
During the quarter we had several strong collaborations worth highlighting.
Our second collaboration with Disney was really well received by consumers across footwear, apparel and accessories.
The Vans TNF product sold out in a number of places across Europe and the Vans Pendleton collection helped elevate our weatherized offering with great success.
In our core Classics collection, we have seen higher than normal inventory levels and even though we are performing better than our competition in this category, we do anticipate a more challenging sales environment in 2016 as this product works through the channel.
The good news is that our brand (inaudible) have never been as strong and our other product categories are selling through extremely well.
In Asia, Vans grew more than 20% driven by almost 40% D2C growth and a high teen increase in our wholesale business.
Our House of Vans brand experience proved to be incredible for both the brand and our consumers.
We took this experience on tour to 14 cities throughout the year and connected with thousands of fans.
We also launched our Monkey Rules Campaign for the Chinese New Year and the response shows that this is a winner.
Steve Rendle - President and COO
In 2015, Vans revenue was up 14% globally to reach $2.2 billion or up 16% excluding FX and the 53rd week.
Looking at 2016, we will be focused on continuing to expand the brand's relevance, updating classic silhouettes and introducing new styles and collections for the ever-changing global consumer.
Also Vans will celebrate its 50th anniversary in 2016.
We definitely have unique products and experiences planned to keep consumers engaged and connected as we celebrate our authentic heritage.
Regionally in 2016, we are expecting continued strength with double-digit growth in both the Americas and Asia businesses which represent about 75% of the total.
However, due to the factors that KH spoke about, revenues could be down slightly in Europe.
Our 26th growth expectation for Van's globally looks to be up in the high single digit range.
Now onto Timberland where global revenues were up 1% on a currency neutral basis with slight growth in D2C partially offset by relatively flat wholesale sales.
Excluding FX and the 53rd week, fourth-quarter revenue was up 5%.
Similar to The North Face, Timberland was impacted by warm weather in the quarter too.
In the Americas, revenue was down at a low single-digit rate and of course we are comping against the 53rd week so normalized rates are higher.
Strategically we continue to see great response to our efforts to evolve the perception of our outdoor lifestyle positioning.
Looking at product, boots were a strong performer during the quarter led by both Classics and women silhouettes.
In fact, boots were strong across men's, women's and kids.
Beyond just boots, we are continuing to gain traction in some of our more casual styles such as our men's Britton Hill collection which had tremendous sellthrough in our D2C channel and in fact, the advertised style completely sold out so clearly great momentum there.
We have also made significant progress in the women's business especially in North America and created a new generation of brand loyalists who love the style, fit and craftsmanship of the [Amston] and the [Glancy].
Early days but super promising and much more coming.
On the marketing front, we continue to connect with the outdoor lifestyler consumer.
During the quarter, our Made For the Modern Trail Campaign came to life across print, digital and social media driving awareness for our Black Forest collection.
All in, our consumer impressions were up 50% at 1.25 billion over last year.
The Pro Boondock and Powertrain collections saw nice growth in the quarter and it is clear that we are meeting consumers' needs for footwear that helps them get the job done.
The Pro platform continues to be a great living laboratory for learning, testing and introducing new comfort and durability innovations that are very easily translated back into our casual lifestyle product.
Karl Heinz Salzburger - Group President, International
Timberland's European fourth-quarter revenue was up at a mid single-digit rate driven by strength in our D2C business.
Another solid performance during a year that we grew faster than the market.
In terms of product, Sensorflex and sneakers continued to perform very well in men's casual footwear and we saw growth in men's outerwear as well.
In women's, our Classic boots also saw strong results.
On the marketing side, our Black Forest campaign was our most successful promotion in this region ever.
This 360 degree effort enabled us to integrate Classic and digital marketing efforts.
It also allowed us to team up with our wholesale partners giving us very visible and unique customer touch points.
Turning to Asia, revenues were down slightly, impacted by softer traffic in Hong Kong and Singapore specifically.
Despite unusually warm weather for the region, we were encouraged by the strength of our lightweight outerwear which grew double digits.
On the footwear side, we saw positive results with boots leading the way growing at high teen rate.
Similar to Europe, our Black Forest campaign was very successful, driving high levels of interest in the brand.
Steve Rendle - President and COO
In 2015, Timberland revenues were up 10% globally to $1.8 billion or up 12% excluding FX and the 53rd week.
That is great momentum in the Timberland business and as we look out at 2016, our strategic priorities focus on continuing to elevate style and innovation in product, continued thoughtful expansion of distribution without, with existing and new customers as well as our own D2C, and connecting product, experience and lifestyle stories with our global outdoor lifestyler consumer.
Based on our fall booking, which is impacted by similar factors at The North Face, we expect Timberland to grow revenue at a high single-digit rate in 2016.
Now let's shift gears to Jeanswear.
Scott?
Scott Baxter - Group President, Jeanswear, Imagewear and South America
Thanks, Steve, and good morning, everyone.
In the fourth quarter, our global Jeanswear business was up 1% on a currency neutral basis driven by mid single-digit growth in the Lee business and a slight decline in Wrangler.
Excluding FX and the 53rd week, Jeanswear was up 6% in the fourth quarter.
In the Americas region, Jeanswear revenue was flat in the quarter, a low single-digit increase in Lee revenue was offset by low a single-digit decline in Wrangler revenue.
At Wrangler, our mass business showed solid growth with a mid single-digit increase in revenues.
This was more than offset by declines in the brand's Western specialty business where the regions challenged by the contraction in oil and gas exploration are hardest hit.
From a product perspective, we are successfully expanding the Advanced Comfort line into casuals and warmer weather product.
Additionally, we are working to address the needs of everyday consumers as the outdoor and active categories converge with outdoor inspired casual solutions and versatile fabrics and functional design aesthetics.
We also had a very strong launch of our Cool Vantage product in our Western platform.
We do expect the positive momentum that Wrangler realized in 2015 to continue into 2016 as we introduce new products with innovative fabrics that satisfy unmet consumer needs.
Onto Lee.
We once again saw growth in this business during the quarter with the Americas growing in the low single digits.
We are seeing strong response for both male and female consumers to our new performance fabrications and are excited to introduce even more advanced fabrication offerings in the coming year including improved breathability and comfort innovations.
We have also made great strides as we work to enhance our presence in department stores, clubs and e-commerce.
We are pleased to have grown nicely in 2015.
In 2016, we will build on this momentum as we continue to expand our distribution footprint and introduce new product assortments.
Karl Heinz?
Karl Heinz Salzburger - Group President, International
In Europe, currency neutral revenue for the Jeanswear coalition was up at low single-digit rates.
For Wrangler, revenues were down slightly in the quarter with strength in our e-commerce and D2C business offset by declines in our wholesale business.
During the quarter, we successfully launched new styles in our [Body Bespoke] collection and the response has been very positive.
We look forward to expanding this collection even more broadly this year.
This European business marked its 11th consecutive quarter of revenue growth with the business up at the mid single-digit rate.
New products including the skinny and boot cut jeans for women and the Malone jeans for men drove our growth in the quarter.
In Asia, despite uncertain economic conditions, our Lee earthly business had another solid quarter with revenue up at the low double-digit rate and very strong profit growth.
We are truly becoming a leader in the premier denim segment in Asia driven by our innovations such as our Jade Fusion line and meaningful consumer activations throughout the region.
It is not just consumers who have responded well to this product.
We learned that Lee's Jade Fusion has been nominated for an ADDY Zone Award which honors the best innovations as voted by industry peers.
In summary, we continued to see consistent momentum in our global Jeanswear business and expect to achieve mid single-digit growth once again in 2016.
Now to Imagewear.
Scott Baxter - Group President, Jeanswear, Imagewear and South America
Fourth-quarter Imagewear revenue was down 12% with slight growth in the licensed sports group business being offset by a more than 20% decline in the Workwear business.
Excluding FX and the 53rd week, our Imagewear Coalition was down 7%.
In LSG, our Major League Baseball cool base jersey saw sustained momentum in the fourth quarter and finished the year strong.
Our street fleece baseball product which launched during the postseason also had strong results during the quarter.
In 2016, we will be introducing a new patented flex based on-field uniform which we expect will continue to create healthy demand in this category.
On the Workwear side, our Red Kap Shop gear collection delivered strong results posting the sixth year of more than 30% growth and while our Bulwark line remained very challenging with slower oil and gas exploration we did see some bright spots particularly in the IQ knits and woven products.
Given the continued softness on the Workwear side of the business, we are expecting the Imagewear coalition to grow at a low single-digit rate in 2016.
Steve?
Steve Rendle - President and COO
Our Sportswear business was down 9% in the quarter and if you take out FX and the 53rd week, Sportswear was down 6%.
Revenue at Nautica was down low double digits due primarily to lower outlet traffic, tourism declines and record warm weather which impacted fleece, sweaters and outerwear purchases.
In spite of this, we continue to make progress in our efforts to elevate the Nautica business and realize improved profitability in our wholesale business.
In efforts to elevate the brand perception, we successfully tested a full priced pop-up shop in New York City's trendy Flatiron District and received positive consumer feedback during the holiday.
Kipling's US business saw a low single-digit increase in revenues due to similar factors that impacted Nautica.
Kipling's global business was up at a low double-digit rate.
In 2016, we are expecting a slight decline in revenue for this coalition based primarily on the strategic decision to license Nautica's sleepwear business which will provide greater profitability in the long run and on an adjusted basis excluding this move, revenue would be up at a low single-digit rate.
Revenue in the Contemporary Brands coalition declined 17% during the quarter with weakness in both the wholesale and D2C businesses.
Excluding FX and the 53rd week, Contemporary Brands was down 10% in the quarter.
While we are disappointed with our results in this challenging sector, we are focused on optimizing our product, consumer connections and distribution options.
For 2016, we anticipate a mid single-digit decline in the Contemporary Brands coalition.
And with that, I will turn it over to Scott for a deeper dive into our financial results.
Scott Roe - CFO
Thanks, Steve.
On today's call you have heard recurrent themes including things we can't impact like record warm weather, strengthening of the US dollar, the 53rd week of 2014, and a softer retail environment.
You have also heard us refer to things we can impact like operational and fiscal discipline, executing strategic initiatives and ultimately how our strengths and agility give us the unique ability to deliver consistent shareholder returns in an uneven environment.
With both sides of this coin in play, let's review our fourth-quarter results and I will do my best to filter through the noise to illustrate an apples-to-apples story that tells the true performance of VF's model.
Starting at the top, revenue was down 1% on a currency neutral basis or if you normalize for the 53rd week, it was up 3%.
This included relative strength in our Outdoor & Action Sports, Jeanswear, international and direct-to-consumer businesses.
Gross margin came in at 49% on a currency neutral basis equal to last year.
Reported gross margin was down 70 basis points to 48.3 and to walk you through the puts and takes, benefits from changes in mix and favorable product costs were more than offset by foreign currency headwinds and aggressive efforts to manage inventory among our brands with greatest exposure to cold weather.
As you would expect, we responded quickly with respect to inventory, an effort that enabled us to finish the quarter with levels up just under 9%.
For context, nearly half of that 9% increase is related specifically to cold weather related product and it is important to note that the composition of this inventory is good.
It is core product that is already slated for our fall 2016 line.
So while inventory levels will remain a bit higher than we would like for the first half of 2016, we expect them to normalize in the second half of the year.
Earlier, Steve gave a quick overview of our Contemporary Brands coalition.
Suffice it to say that it was a disappointing year for our business, one in which we fell short of our expectations.
As a result, the fair values of 7 For All Mankind, Splendid and Ella Moss brands were determined to be below their respective carrying values.
Therefore, we have recorded $144 million pretax non-cash impairment charge in the fourth quarter to reduce the carrying value of intangible assets of these brands.
After tax, this was a $97 million charge or $0.23 of diluted EPS.
Adjusted SG&A, that is excluding the impairment charge, was down 40 basis points in the quarter demonstrating our disciplined approach to offsetting continued investments in D2C, demand creation and innovation with operating leverage and expense control.
Excluding the impairment charge, adjusted operating income was down 6% and adjusted operating margin was 15.8% compared with 16.2% in the fourth quarter of 2014.
On a reported basis, operating income was 11.6% compared to 5.1% last year.
And finally, adjusted EPS for the fourth quarter was $0.95 compared to $0.98 in the same period of 2015.
Adjusted currency neutral EPS was up 5% and if you exclude FX in the 53rd week, fourth-quarter adjusted EPS was up 12%.
On a GAAP basis, earnings per share was $0.72, up significantly over last year's fourth quarter.
Turning now to the full-year, 2015 revenue grew 6% on a currency neutral basis.
Excluding the 53rd week, revenue increased 7%.
Highlights included 9% growth in both our Outdoor & Action Sports and international businesses and 7% growth in our direct-to-consumer business which comped positively for the full-year.
Apples to apples, Outdoor & Action Sports and D2C were up 11% year-over-year.
We also benefited from improved performance in our Jeanswear coalition which although it carries lower gross margins than VF's average, it is still our most profitable coalition.
Gross margin was down 0.5 point to 48.3%.
To walk you through the full-year factors, our mix benefit was present but slightly less than that about 50 basis points we typically see due to improved Jeanswear performance and softer-than-expected D2C results.
And while we did see expected tailwinds, the expected tailwind from lower product costs, our aggressive management of inventory offset this benefit.
So that leaves us with FX, which negatively impacted our gross margin by 80 basis points.
SG&A for the year as a percentage of total revenue was down 10 basis points due to the same discipline we exhibited in the fourth quarter.
That is offsetting investments in our fastest-growing businesses and strategic priorities by maintaining strong cost controls across other areas in the organization.
Excluding the impairment charge, adjusted currency neutral operating income was unchanged at $1.8 billion and operating margin was 14.6% in 2015 compared with 14.9% in the prior year.
Taking into account the 70 basis point foreign currency hit, we achieved an operating margin of 15.3% in spite of topline pressure.
On a reported basis, full-year operating income was $1.7 billion in 2015 and operating margin was 13.4% compared with 11.7% in 2014.
So that brings us to a full-year adjusted EPS which was $3.08, in line with 2014's results.
On a currency neutral basis, EPS was up 12%.
Now at the end of year three of our five-year plan, we have averaged 13% EPS growth annually which is right in line with our long-term guidance.
On a GAAP basis, full-year EPS was up 20% to $2.85.
We ended the year with a strong balance sheet and a capital structure that continues to afford us great flexibility.
In 2015, we generated $1.1 billion in cash from operations and returned nearly $1.3 billion to shareholders through dividends and share repurchases.
Turning now to 2016, while we do expect some challenges to continue in the near term, we remain as confident as ever in our ability to deliver long-term profitable growth and returns to our shareholders.
Here is why.
Our portfolio of brands with its diversity consumer, geography and channel is supported by a deep arsenal of P&L levers including strategic investments, focused operational discipline, and a world-class supply chain all of which delivers superior cash flow.
Working in concert, these strengths will allow us the flexibility necessary to emerge even stronger coming out of 2016.
We expect revenue in 2016 to grow at a mid single-digit percentage rate including about a 1% impact from a stronger US dollar.
On both a reported and currency neutral basis, our plans include growth in every region as well as in our wholesale and D2C channels.
By coalition, revenue for Outdoor & Action Sports is expected to increase at a high single-digit rate with similar increases for Vans and Timberland an mid single-digit growth for The North Face brand.
In Jeanswear, we expect the momentum to continue with mid single-digit revenue growth.
And to round it out, we are expecting low single-digit growth for Imagewear, a slight decline in Sportswear and mid single-digit decline in Contemporary Brands business.
We expect momentum in the international and direct-to-consumer business to continue in 2016.
International revenue is expected to be up at a high single digit rate on a currency neutral basis or mid-single digits on a reported basis.
By region, in Europe, we expect mid single-digit increase in currency neutral revenues, up low single digit reported.
In our Asia-Pacific region, currency neutral revenue should be up at a low double-digit percentage rate or up high single-digit reported.
And in our Americas non-US business, we are expecting revenue to grow at a low teen percentage rate on a currency neutral basis or up low single digits reported.
Our D2C business should accelerate in 2016 with revenues expected to be up at a low double-digit currency neutral rate with about a point of negative impact due to changes in FX.
For the year, we expect to increase our total store count to about 1600 doors compared with 1520 at the end of 2015.
Comps sales growth are expected to grow at a mid single-digit rate including growth of more than 20% in e-commerce.
On now to gross margin.
We expect 2016 gross margin rate to improve by 50 basis points to reach 48.8% or 49.5% on a currency neutral basis.
To click down into the drivers, we estimate a combination of product costs and pricing benefits to be equally offset by 70 basis points of FX headwinds.
That leaves 50 basis points of mixed benefit to flow through as Outdoor & Action Sports, international and D2C continue to drive gross margin expansion.
In terms of SG&A, we will continue to make strategic investments in our brands with respect to product innovation and demand creation as well as investing in our growing D2C business.
In addition to store openings, we continue to make significant investments in our e-commerce capabilities, specifically bringing additional brands onto the common VF platform.
These investments along with continued pressure from foreign currency rate changes should result in a modest increase in our SG&A ratio in 2016.
This brings us to operating margin which we anticipate to reach 14.4% in 2016 net of an anticipated 70 basis points of foreign currency impact.
Moving to the bottom line, we expect currency neutral EPS to be up 11% in 2016 or up 5% reported compared to the adjusted EPS of $3.08 in 2015.
As you think about the cadence of revenue and earnings, there is a few things to keep in mind.
In the first quarter of 2016, we expect currency neutral revenue to be about flat with the first quarter of 2015.
With respect to earnings, recall that in the first quarter of 2015 we recorded a one-time $17 million gain related to the sale of a VF Outlet store.
Additionally, we expect the first quarter will see the most difficult FX comparison of the year with an estimated 120 basis point negative hit to gross margin.
Therefore, we anticipate currency neutral EPS to be about flat or down low double digits as reported.
In the second quarter of 2016, revenue should increase at a low single digit percentage rate with a low single-digit decline in currency neutral EPS or high single-digit as reported.
Recall that last year's second quarter benefited from a significantly lower tax rate related to the settlement of prior year's tax audits.
Currency neutral revenue growth in the second half of 2016 should increase at a high single-digit percentage rate with the strongest performance coming in the fourth quarter.
We expect second half EPS to increase at a mid to high teen percentage rate.
Our outlook for cash from operations remains very strong as we expect to generate $1.3 billion in 2016.
And finally, our commitment to returning cash to our shareholders has never been more evident.
In 2016, we expect our share buyback to reach about $1 billion which is a meaningful increase over the prior year.
And to echo what Eric said earlier, this increase is in response to cash flow generation and our commitment to shareholders, not an indication that we are changing our capital allocation priorities.
In fact, our first priority remains acquisition and as previously mentioned, our intention is to take a much more proactive approach to our portfolio composition this year.
So share buyback combined with our annual dividend should return $1.5 billion of cash to our shareholders in 2016.
That is a 15% increase in shareholder returns over 2015.
In closing, I would like to underscore that we are very proud of what we have accomplished in 2015.
All global companies operate in a constantly changing environment.
We have demonstrated time and time again our ability to effectively manage our business under a variety of conditions.
This speaks to the agility of the VF model.
We are highly confident that the power of our portfolio along with numerous flexible levers will enable us to drive revenue growth and profitability, mitigate risk and most importantly, create value for our shareholders.
With that, we will turn it back over to the operator and open it up for your questions.
Operator
(Operator Instructions).
Omar Saad, Evercore ISI.
Omar Saad - Analyst
So I wanted to ask you, as far as I can remember I can't remember a quarter where what you guided to ended up being so different than what you reported and what you experienced.
So just trying to get an understanding of where the biggest changes were post October when you gave us the most recent guidance?
Also want to understand a little bit deeper where you think the implied guidance for 2016 and the second half revenue to really we accelerate on a constant currency basis?
And then lastly on the question of revenues, did you see anything in the quarter kind of post that October timeframe between the lines that give you any indication or insight into what is really going on with the consumer whether it is macro or behavioral changes, etc.?
Eric Wiseman - Chairman, President and CEO
Sure, Omar.
It is Eric.
I will start trying to tackle your questions.
So what caused the big miss?
And you are right, we haven't had change like that to our expectations happen before to that degree of magnitude.
As you know from looking at all the retailers who are reporting, there was a significant slowdown in consumer spending from what everyone expected in the fourth quarter.
So that hit everybody in all categories.
It particularly hit cold weather apparel and footwear and that is a big piece of our business so we were unusually impacted by it and we came out of it with only 9% more inventory.
And the implications of that were we understand that carrying that inventory was probably not the right thing to do so we aggressively got rid of it and that affected our earnings.
That was a big driver of the earnings miss, was the investment we made to end the year with only 9% more inventory than last year.
So it was that combination that got to the EPS miss that we had.
We think that was a smarter choice than getting closer to our guided EPS and ending the year significant excess inventory.
How we are looking at next year, Scott guided -- gave pretty clear guidance to how we are seeing the first half which suggests there is an inventory overhang out there.
Some vendors have it, we have a little bit of it.
Scott mentioned that about half of the 9% was in outdoor and cold weather products so that is going to slow things down here in the first half.
And then as we approach the second half, we are cautious in our outlook for next winter's weather and consumer behavior, more cautious than we have been in the past.
We have the early part of that season booked and that is reflected in our guidance and we are coming up against really easy numbers for us to beat unless -- maybe it is going to be 80 degrees in New York next winter.
I don't know.
But I think the odds are that winter weather will be a little kinder around the world to us, so with a cautious outlook and really easy numbers to lap, that is why we are more confident about the growth in the second half.
We are off the growth rates we have had.
As we said during the call, we have been averaging 7% a year for the last couple of years and we are calling it mid-single digits until we see how this plays out.
I think your last question was anything post all this that we learned about the consumers.
I don't know that we have.
There were interesting product categories that slowed down and most of the material impact for us was weather related.
We really hit our cold weather brands.
Looking on the table to see if anybody has more insight than I do on that.
But I don't think there is any macro trends that we are seeing other than consumer spending is a little soft and we think that will continue.
Our expectations for 2016 assumes that that continues through the first half of the year.
Omar Saad - Analyst
Thanks, good luck.
Operator
Bob Drbul, Nomura.
Bob Drbul - Analyst
Good morning.
I guess on the Outdoor coalition, I think given your guidance in terms of all the points you just made in terms of the second half, are the order books complete or how far are they complete in terms of The North Face as you look for fall next year?
And when you talk about looking at the portfolio and actively exploring the business expansion, and you also talked a little bit more about less exposure, Eric, when you think about it, is it more likely to have disposals or an acquisition?
How do you think about exactly what we should take away from that statement?
Scott Roe - CFO
I will take the order book question you had for the Outdoor coalition and then I will toss it back to Eric on the portfolio.
I would tell you the Outdoor coalition, our order books are certainly in our hands for spring and they are reflected in our guidance.
But it is too early for us to tip our hat on fall.
I would tell you we are looking at cautious retailer behavior but we are no more confident than ever on the quality of the product and our ability to react to the trends that we saw coming through Q4.
Our Vans business remains extremely strong and The North Face and Timberland both have great strategies in place to react.
Eric Wiseman - Chairman, President and CEO
On the shape of the portfolio, Bob, I'm obviously not going to disclose anything specific on this call today but know that as we look back over the last four years, because people have said you haven't made an acquisition in four years.
And we quite frankly haven't made a divestiture in four or five years either.
And you are talking about being an active portfolio manager so how do you define active?
And what we are saying now is we are defining active as being active.
And I think the fair and honest assessment of the last four years is when we acquired Timberland for the next two years, we were not in the acquisition market.
Period, flat out we were not.
We were very focused on delivering the shareholder returns that we promised to our shareholders with the biggest acquisition we ever made and we have done that.
But for the last two years, we have not made an acquisition.
We are actively exploring everything in our portfolio and everything that we might want to have in our portfolio with a level of activity that hasn't existed for the last few years and we think it is likely something will change this year.
I can't give you any more guidance about how that change might happen.
Bob Drbul - Analyst
And when you look at some of the more challenged pieces of the business I guess in the fourth quarter but throughout last year, when you look at your assumptions going forward, do you believe that you are being conservative enough in terms of whether it is some portions of the Workwear business or the Sportswear business or the Contemporary business?
Steve Rendle - President and COO
Bob, I will take that.
I think we feel confident in our ability to understand where we are.
In the case of some of these sectors for example the Contemporary, we continue to be disappointed in the trends going on there but could not be more confident in the teams that we have as we maintain our number one share though perhaps that is not as important as it was in the past as that sector is under great pressure.
Workwear, we have got by far two of the strongest brands in Bulwark and Red Kap and teams that deeply understand their marketplace.
And the business development teams really focused on expanding beyond these sectors that we win in when some of those commodities are moving our direction.
So I would say we have confidence in our plan, extreme confidence in our teams that are in place to deliver those.
Eric Wiseman - Chairman, President and CEO
Bob, I will lean into that just a little bit.
Of all of those things that Steve just mentioned, the one that drives the most earnings potential for us is the Workwear business which is really on its heels right now.
We have been through this cycle at least half a dozen times in the last 20 years where for macroeconomic reasons or things like the oil industry shutting down, that is happening right now, we get hurt.
And then that happens pretty quickly and then it comes back and when it comes back, there is years of goodness, you will recall because we talked about it, in 2010 and 2011, Bulwark was our fastest-growing brand and it is a really good thing for our shareholders when the recovery happens and we know it is inevitable and we are not planning on it next year.
Bob Drbul - Analyst
Great, thank you very much.
Operator
Kate McShane, Citi.
Laurent Vasilescu, Macquarie.
Laurent Vasilescu - Analyst
Good morning and thanks for taking my questions.
I wanted to follow up on the high single-digit guidance for Outdoor & Action Sports.
Can you parse out ASP growth versus unit growth?
Should we assume a 3 percentage point for ASPs?
And if that is the case, how has it changed over the prior years and what are you seeing in terms of ASPs with regards to the competitive landscape?
Eric Wiseman - Chairman, President and CEO
I will start and may be Steve chime in.
So as a general statement, we don't quote specific percentages on what our price increases are but we've said that is a big part of our model and that would be true in Outdoor & Action Sports.
We price both like for like and probably even more importantly, bring in new product.
Remember every season more than half of our product is new and we are merchandising the new price points.
And that is how we maintain our margin.
So you saw it in our guidance as you look forward.
We've got 70 basis points of price and rate improvement which would be the proof point that that model is intact and indeed we are seeing those prices come through.
Steve Rendle - President and COO
I wouldn't have much to add to that, Laurent, other than our team spent a tremendous amount of time looking at consumer and market analytics to guide their seasonal product creation strategies and really targeting price value relationships in each of those categories across the globe each and every region.
Laurent Vasilescu - Analyst
Okay, great.
And I wanted to follow up on the comments made earlier that you are actively exploring segments of the business that you might want to be less exposed to.
Curious to know if there are any metrics we should think about with regards to those comments?
Should we think about profitability, anticipated revenue growth over the next few years or metrics tied to demographics channels or geographies?
And if it is all the above, how would you rank them?
Eric Wiseman - Chairman, President and CEO
I guess the answer is all of the above because when we look at our Company to think about what shape of the portfolio would be, we look across the Company.
As I said, I can't disclose anything today and won't.
But know that when we exit a category it is either for a strategic reason or a financial reason meaning the business isn't aligned with us strategically or it is unable to contribute to our shareholders financially.
Either one has ended up to be a good move for us when we exit out of something.
Laurent Vasilescu - Analyst
Okay, thank you very much.
Best of luck.
Operator
Matthew Boss, JPMorgan.
Matthew Boss - Analyst
Good morning.
I guess my question as we think about the 11% constant currency EPS forecast for this year versus the 13% multiyear target CAGR that you have out there, a number of headwinds you clearly walked through them for this year.
But is there any reason to think that 13% needs to change in 2017 and beyond?
Separately, your 16% EBIT margin target, while we might not get there in 2017, is there any reason to think this is no longer the goal of multi-year?
Eric Wiseman - Chairman, President and CEO
Yes, Matthew, the answers are no and no.
We still have line of sight.
We obviously when we made our original plan we said at that time that we weren't assuming any change in currency translation to affect the plan and we have had a boatload of that happen to us.
But we are on track to hit our numbers we believe and don't think on a currency neutral basis -- I'm glad we have the 53rd week story behind us now because that just complicated the discussion for all of us.
But we are pretty confident in the growth rates and the top and bottom line that we are going to be able to achieve.
We have missed the top line.
We are a little light there.
We didn't anticipate some of the challenges that have happened around the world but on an EPS basis, we are tracking right on plan.
Scott, do you want to add anything to that from a profitability basis?
Scott Roe - CFO
Yes, I guess two things.
I think the best evidence of the future is what you have done.
So as Eric said in his comments, we have averaged 13% over the last three years and we are a little slower in the top line for all the reasons we talked about today.
That is a short-term bump, that is not long-term and really what gives me confidence looking forward is the model, that gross margin expansion that we talked about, the levers that we have from an efficiency standpoint, and the powerful brands.
I see no reason why we don't go back to that over the long-term.
It doesn't change anything.
Matthew Boss - Analyst
Just a quick follow-up.
On the gross margin guide for 2016, the 120 basis point constant currency expansion that you are embedding there ex FX, could you just help walk through what you are seeing from a product cost and a pricing perspective embedded within there?
Scott Roe - CFO
We are really not breaking that down.
Again, it is 70 basis points.
It is kind of simple if you think about your margin going forward.
You've got 70 negative currency headwinds, you've got 70 positive on price and cost and then you've got the 50 basis points of mix falling through and that is really your margin 50 plus the 70 gets you to the 120 that you referenced.
So we are not breaking it down but again as I mentioned earlier, be assured that pricing is a big part of our model and we are pulling that lever along with merchandising to maintain our margins.
Matthew Boss - Analyst
Okay, great.
Best of luck.
Operator
Kate McShane, Citi.
Kate McShane - Analyst
I promise I wasn't on mute.
I think I was disconnected.
But anyway thank you for taking my questions.
My question is on the brands, first, with The North Face, I think we have had warm winters in the past and when we take a look at winter 2011, I think you still posted double-digit growth for the brand at the time.
Can you help us understand maybe what the differences between this warm winter versus previous warm winters as we think the supply chain and things that you have employed have only gotten better over time and what we should expect going forward if warm winter hits again?
Steve Rendle - President and COO
Kate, I will take that.
Let me first start by saying this brand is absolutely still the double-digit growth driver that we have said it is.
As you kind of look over the four years in our five-year plan and to your point on what we saw in 2012, we had two years where we had record warm weather.
In 2013, we grew at a rate of 7%; 2014 where we had a more normal winter, we grew at 12%; and then this year where we saw the warmest winter on record, we were up 5%.
We have talked to you all about how we are pivoting this brand to be more competitive in a four-quarter type business model.
And I think some of the results that you saw this year absolutely show that we are doing that.
Our Thermoball franchise which is a fantastic three-season outerwear franchise continues to grow.
Performance apparel with our Mountain Athletics group up 40%, our equipment category growing double digits, relaunch of our premier Summit Series collection and multisport footwear growing double digits.
We are pivoting to be more responsive and more capable to navigate these kinds of extreme weather conditions.
The realignment of the category merchandising model that I referenced is absolutely kind of fine tuning what we have already done with our activity-based model.
So we see huge opportunities still from a category channel and geographic expansion standpoint for this brand.
Kate McShane - Analyst
Okay, thank you.
My second question was on Vans.
I think Karl Heinz had mentioned slowness in the core Classics category in Europe.
I think last quarter you attributed some slowness in Vans from shipping, timing changes in Vans.
Can you talk to us about what is happening with that brand internationally?
And again what we should expect over the long-term for the brand growth internationally?
Karl Heinz Salzburger - Group President, International
Sure, Kate.
Start with Asia, I think you heard the numbers in Asia are good.
We had stellar performance in Asia and we believe in the future there are no clouds there.
Europe is a little bit different.
First of all, the brand is really strong, we don't see a brand problem.
We see that in analyzing our metrics, we see how we do with the competition and we see our product initiative.
It is true though that there is a product issue in the market which affects not only us but affects the entire market which is on the Classic styles.
That is why we guided a little bit softer for 2016 because we need time to digest this.
But the brand is very strong and we are very confident in all the great numbers we had in the past outside 2016.
We have no reasons to believe that we have an issue with the brand.
Kate McShane - Analyst
Thank you.
Operator
Dana Telsey, Telsey Advisory Group.
Dana Telsey - Analyst
Good morning, everyone.
As you think about this new environment and the channels and geography and new customer profiles, as you think about each division and their contribution to operating income going forward, does that change at all?
Is there any puts and takes on margins or expenses on each division to be aware of that makes things different than what had been expected go forward?
Thank you.
Eric Wiseman - Chairman, President and CEO
That is a really good question and actually we have a habit question before, that doesn't happen to us that often.
Well done.
Just thinking about it quickly and from a high level because we have by brand strategies for the next five years that we are looking at and they include everything that we anticipate and changes in shopper behavior and so we don't see that causing a fundamental change to the mechanics of our P&L which I think was your question.
We don't see that but that is -- I'm looking around the room to see if anybody else sees anything that I don't see.
So no.
What we will continue to see is an expansion in our D2C business particularly through e-commerce, an expansion of our international business which as you know very well is very profitable business for us and because the tax rates are lower outside the United States than they are in the United States that helps us create shareholder value and we still have a lot of opportunity outside the United States.
Dana Telsey - Analyst
Thank you.
Operator
Edward Yruma, KeyBanc Capital Markets.
Edward Yruma - Analyst
Two quick ones, guys.
I guess first, I know this is kind of a fungible line but how would you assess the overall sales of what you would consider to be non-weather impacted goods?
And then I guess second, with the gross margin investment you had to make to clear and get the inventory levels under control, is it your understanding that the goods are actually sold through or is some of that investment potentially going toward folks that may end up packing that inventory away?
Thanks.
Steve Rendle - President and COO
I will take a stab at this one.
I think the sales on the non-weather impacted businesses or categories were very strong.
I mean in the case of The North face I referenced the success we saw with our Mountain Athletics Collection up 40%, the Thermoball franchise continuing to grow nicely not just here in the US but globally.
Our Vans business had another breakout year, up 16% and when you take into effect FX and the 53rd week and I would tell you all of those would be non-weather related businesses.
But even there, the Mountain edition collection of both footwear and apparel saw significant sell through giving a great momentum going into this year.
So it really is those heavily insulated styles where we saw the slowdown.
I am sorry.
Scott will grab that second portion.
Scott Baxter - Group President, Jeanswear, Imagewear and South America
I guess the question on the second part of that was the aggressive inventory actions, where do we think that inventory ultimately ended up.
I guess the answer is we don't, we can't really definitively answer that.
Let me tell you what the actions we took were so it was varied.
We discounted through our own outlets and our own full price retail.
In some cases, we sold some off-price goods and the weather has turned a bit this year so far in 2016.
Certainly some of that has sold through.
Hard to speculate how much.
Edward Yruma - Analyst
Great.
Thanks so much.
Operator
Dave Weiner, Deutsche Bank.
Dave Weiner - Analyst
Good morning.
So I had two quick questions.
Number one, could you talk a little bit about the wholesale business in Europe?
It seemed to me from the comments and obviously I understand that you have a mix shift to D2C globally, but nonetheless it seemed to me that there was some weakness relative to expectation in Europe at wholesale.
So can you talk a little bit about what is going on in that channel broadly?
And I guess just my second question to follow up, I think it was Ed that asked a question about weather versus non-weather.
Can you kind of -- is there any way you can kind of bottom line it and tell us you have broken out the FX impact and the cycling of the 53rd week impact on revenue?
Can you give a range of estimate of what the impact, total impact, to revenues was due to the weather?
Thanks.
Karl Heinz Salzburger - Group President, International
Maybe I start with the first question the wholesale scenario in Europe.
I think Eric mentioned it in his opening script, the first nine months actually we were tracking as we had planned.
We were growing mid single-digit as per hour plan.
The challenge was more on the last quarter where the weather affected us as well.
I think it was widely reported and that particularly challenged our cold winter brands.
On the other one, the Kipling for instance, Eastpak, we did actually pretty well so would not affect it there.
All in all I think also snow came and it got cold in Europe a little bit later but it came so inventories are pretty normalized now so that is good news.
The second part of the question, what was the second part?
Dave Weiner - Analyst
Weather related, potential impact.
Eric Wiseman - Chairman, President and CEO
We haven't quantified what that might be.
Dave Weiner - Analyst
Okay, thanks.
Operator
Lindsay Drucker Mann, Goldman Sachs.
Lindsay Drucker Mann - Analyst
I had two questions.
The first is you mentioned one of your long-term strengths being your best-in-class supply chain.
I was hoping that you could give us any insight as to whether you have specific initiatives this year to make you guys faster or more efficient or any other benefit that could accrue to the business from supply chain innovation?
Steve Rendle - President and COO
I will start with that and then I will have Scott Baxter pipe in on something specific going on in Jeanswear.
Speed and nimbleness within our supply chain is top of mind and it always is.
In fact, our internal production is extremely responsive and is one of the key strengths of our Jeanswear businesses.
We are looking at being able to transfer that type of thinking through our Third Way programs into the sourced side of the business.
And on top of that with our new innovation centers now in place and up and running, we have some specific projects both in our Jeanswear and technical apparel groups partnering with our supply chain on longer-term advanced manufacturing initiatives that would absolutely make us more nimble, add speed, partnered with the upstream merchandising capabilities within our businesses where we are constantly looking at ways to really reduce lead times, increase frequency of flow to be more relevant and more frequent in front of our consumers.
Scott might want to talk to you a little bit about something going on in Jeanswear.
Scott Baxter - Group President, Jeanswear, Imagewear and South America
I most certainly can.
We have a project going on right now and Lindsay, as you know, we own our factories in this hemisphere and we actually use those factories and are planning on using those factories as a weapon.
It is a strategic advantage for us to have those here and we've really embarked upon a project with our Jeanswear teams on taking our cycle times down so from concept to the time a consumer can purchase that product, we are really working on and have a pretty big project going on on how we take that lead time down, how we work throughout our entire supply chain in combination with our merchant team in bringing the consumer the products that they are looking for much quicker and much faster than we have in the past.
And then in combination with that, we have a parallel program where we are working on some small batch programs where we can go ahead and get in style and get on trend really quickly where we haven't done that as fast as we would like in the past.
So those two projects are going on right now at Jeanswear and we are pretty happy with the progress we are making.
And I can talk about that in the future as we progress down the line.
Lindsay Drucker Mann - Analyst
Great.
I think you mentioned that for Vans Americas that the wholesale business was a bit weak.
Could you expand on some of the specific drivers there?
And just a quick housekeeping question, can you confirm that the 53rd week had no impact on operating profit in the quarter or was there an impact?
Thanks.
Steve Rendle - President and COO
I will talk about Vans and then I will let Scott talk about the operating profit.
I think just as the fourth quarter softness that you have heard us and others talk about had some impact on our Vans wholesale business, certainly Karl Heinz spoke specifically about a Classics inventory build in a couple of our key markets, having an impact on our wholesale build.
We really see that working through over the course of the year.
I think it is important to note though we have a number of styles, other collections for example, our Sk8-Hi, Old Skool that are performing extremely well and much stronger than our competition.
And I think another catalyst there would be our D2C and e-commerce performance that continues to perform very, very strongly and it is really that balanced model between wholesale and D2C for our Vans business that allows it to continue to show such significant growth.
Scott Roe - CFO
And just to add on the second part of your question about the 53rd week, sure, it of course has an impact on profit, probably a couple of points for the year.
So the 12% would be a couple of points higher and remember what Eric said, if you really want to take noise out and look over the last two years, we have averaged 13% and that is probably the right way to look at it.
Lindsay Drucker Mann - Analyst
Great.
Thanks, guys.
Operator
Erinn Murphy, Piper Jaffray.
Erinn Murphy - Analyst
Great.
Thanks, good morning.
You guys alluded to briefly of the off-price lever that you pulled in the fourth quarter.
Can you just talk a little bit more about your exposure overall to off-price versus what the norm would normally be in the season?
When you talk to those partners postseason, what is their appetite to take on more product just given the abundance of inventory out there in the channel?
Steve Rendle - President and COO
So I think as we look at the off price lever, our businesses, we have our outlet stores that are our first choice where you see us holding inventory that Scott referenced.
When we look outside of our model, we have got some very strategic partners that have worked with us very, very well over the years.
And our exposure year-over-year is up slightly but not to a degree that would have us at all concerned.
I can't really speak to the appetite for them.
I can tell you in our quick movement and strong relationship, we feel very good with where we are with our inventories going into next year and not really sure -- can't really comment on how those partners sit in their relative business.
Eric Wiseman - Chairman, President and CEO
Erinn, I will add to that because I said this, I think it was Omar's question at the very beginning, we reacted early and aggressively to the slowdown that we saw coming at us and it was only 9% growth in inventory.
And we think that is going to look pretty good versus some others in our space.
And so we moved on our inventory, now that came at and earnings per share cost.
It absolutely did and a gross margin rate cost but we would rather come into this year with as much of that behind us as possible versus dragging around a big inventory anchor for the next six to nine months, maybe 12 months and we think some people are going to be doing that.
Erinn Murphy - Analyst
Go it.
I appreciate that.
And then I'm sorry if I missed this just as a housekeeping on the guidance for 2016, but in Imagewear, how are you thinking about the first half versus the second half?
It just seemed that things aren't getting broadly better in Texas or some of the other oil and gas producing regions.
I'm just drawn curious what is driving that improvement to the low single digit positive rate in 2016 versus where you estimated in the fourth quarter?
Scott Baxter - Group President, Jeanswear, Imagewear and South America
This is Scott.
Obviously Erinn, your that we are executing out of the gates a little bit slower in the first half but through business development opportunities and also a focused team around the Red Kap and Bulwark brand, we do feel that the positive momentum in the second half will continue that we have had in the previous years.
And I think the most important piece of that is we do have some big product introductions.
So it is a product story there too.
We've got our continuation of our shop line which kicks off several big new initiatives and big items in the second half.
So we are feeling more confident as the economy kind of moves ahead forward in the next half of next year.
Erinn Murphy - Analyst
Got it.
Thank you, guys.
Best of luck.
Operator
Robbie Ohmes, Bank of America.
Robbie Ohmes - Analyst
The last question.
I was hoping that you could talk about greater China and maybe tell us what you guys are seeing there right now?
Maybe you can go through Vans, TNF, Jeanswear and Timberland in sort of the just broad brush strokes, 2016 assumptions for greater China?
Thanks.
Eric Wiseman - Chairman, President and CEO
Karl Heinz is going to take that question for us.
I am actually a little under the weather today so I am trying to reduce my talking.
Karl Heinz Salzburger - Group President, International
Okay, Robert, I think you heard me saying I was always tend to give the same answer.
China is a (inaudible) for us.
Is it a great opportunity long-term.
Many people talk about China, the slowdown in China.
The fact is when we talk China it is greater China, we grew 13% in constant dollars in 2015 and that includes Hong Kong which was widely reported being down because of tourists.
So Mainland China was even higher for us and we expect similar numbers for 2016.
So actually we are performing well in China.
As you know, we are active with primarily four brands and The North Face, Vans, Timberland and Kipling.
For the rest we have a distributor model.
So there is a long way to go.
We have about 2500 doors on four brands which benchmarking two large players with [a play of about 5000, 6000, 7000 so we have a long way to go there.
Robbie Ohmes - Analyst
And then on Jeanswear?
Karl Heinz Salzburger - Group President, International
Jeanswear, we act with Lee in China.
And I mentioned that in my script, it is doing extremely well.
We have a leadership position there in that market driven by product innovation in Jade.
I mentioned we are candidate to win an award.
We are really doing well, we are up this year again double digits and it is good.
It is really good.
Robbie Ohmes - Analyst
So there is no assumption of a China slowdown, a significant China slowdown in 2016 in what you guys gave us today?
Scott Roe - CFO
We see China, Greater China in two halves.
There absolutely has been a slowdown in Hong Kong and our business is really strong in Mainland China and the two of those together were up 13% as Karl Heinz said which tells you how strong the Mainland China business is and we are not anticipating it being much better or worse.
So we are right in that zone of 13.
Robbie Ohmes - Analyst
That is very helpful.
Eric, I hope you feel better soon.
Operator
That concludes today's question-and-answer session.
I would like to turn the conference back to Eric Wiseman for any closing or additional remarks.
Eric Wiseman - Chairman, President and CEO
Just a quick comment.
First, thank you for taking so much time with us today.
We are disappointed in our fourth-quarter numbers for sure.
But we are not disappointed in our performance for the last year.
We think we threaded the needle really well coming through a surprising and difficult fourth quarter and that we are positioned to put ourselves right back on track towards our 2017 growth rates that we have talked about.
As we have said, we have a cautious outlook for this year at this point and we think that is a prudent thing to do.
And we will give you another update in April.
Thank you so much.
Operator
This does conclude today's conference.
We thank you for your participation.
You may now disconnect.