萬事達 (MA) 2017 Q1 法說會逐字稿

Good morning. My name is Shelby, and I'll be your conference operator. At this time, I would like to welcome everyone to the MasterCard First Quarter 2017 Earnings Conference Call. (Operator Instructions)

I would now like to turn the call over to Warren Kneeshaw, Head of Investor Relations. You may begin.

Thank you, Shelby, and good morning, everyone, and thank you for joining us for our first quarter 2017 earnings call. With me today are Ajay Banga, our President and Chief Executive Officer; and Martina Hund-Mejean, our Chief Financial Officer.

Following comments from Ajay and Martina, the operator will announce your opportunity to get into the queue for the question-and-answer session. It is only then that the queue will open to accept registrations. You can access our earnings release, supplemental performance data and the slide deck that accompany this call in the Investor Relations section of our website, mastercard.com. Additionally, the release was furnished with the SEC earlier this morning. We hope you find the enhancements we have introduced to some of these materials helpful.

Our comments today regarding our financial results will be on a currency-neutral basis and excludes special items and the impact of acquisitions, unless otherwise noted. Both the release and the slide deck include reconciliations of non-GAAP measures to their GAAP equivalents. As a reminder, we've added a table at the end of both documents, which provide additional information about the impact of Article 8 of the EU's payments regulation on our GDV and purchase volume growth rates. Our comments on the call will be on the basis of the rates adjusted for these impacts.

Finally, as set forth in more detail in our earnings release, I would like to remind everyone that today's call will include forward-looking statements regarding MasterCard's future performance. Actual performance could differ materially from these forward-looking statements. Information about the factors that could affect future performance are summarized at the end of our earnings release and in our recent SEC filings. A replay of this call will be posted on our website for 30 days.

With that, I will now turn the call over to our President and Chief Executive Officer, Ajay Banga. Ajay?

Thank you, Warren, and good morning, everybody. We're off to a very good start this year. Net revenues are up 12%; EPS up 17% versus a year ago. We're also very pleased to announce that we've completed 2 acquisitions over the past month or so, that's VocaLink and NuData Security, which both complement our efforts to participate in new payment flows and enhance our safety and security offerings. We believe that the future of payments are going to be defined by, first of all, choice, convenience and security. And if you've built a strong business based on innovation and scale in card-based retail payments that we know VocaLink adds key platforms to that foundation including the technology behind the bank's ACH payment system, the real-time account-to-account faster payment service and the LINK ATM network in the U.K. Now this combination will enable us to take a more holistic approach to retail, P2P and B2B payments.

In particular, the potential of Fast ACH is growing in the U.S., in Europe, and actually in other markets around the world. VocaLink has been successful in deploying Fast ACH in both developed and emerging markets. Leveraging our broad footprint and our expertise, what we are planning to do is to scale VocaLink's capabilities and enhance the value of each transaction with the robust set of services that we provide. And as we execute, our customers will be able to turn to one partner to address their payment needs across the whole spectrum from cards to ACH and thereby, further enabling the shift from cash and check to electronic forms of payments.

We also acquired NuData Security, whose technology helps businesses detect and prevent online and mobile fraud based on understanding how end-users interact with devices. A given example that technology can determine how fast a password is typed or the way a user holds a smartphone to help distinguish authentic users from potential fraudsters. The technology assesses, scores and learns from each transaction to help merchants and issuers make near real-time authorization decisions. And as the Internet of Things continues to grow with whose ever estimate you believe, it could be up to 50 billion connected devices by 2020. The point here is integrating NuData's technology into our layered security strategy will help consumers pay safely and conveniently however and whenever they choose to do so.

So I'd like to welcome each of our new colleagues from these 2 companies to our family. We are looking forward to working together as we pursue the many opportunities that lie ahead.

Now turning to the economy. Broadly speaking, not much has changed since the last quarter. We have seen modest pickup in global growth, in part due to market-specific fiscal stimulus, although uncertainty about the direction of trade policies continues to be a concern. In the U.S., consumer and business confidence remains strong, employment's rising, wages are beginning to increase. And based on our own SpendingPulse report, which, as you all know, includes not just MasterCard spend data but a broader spectrum of retail spend across all payment types.

Q1 retail sales in SpendingPulse, excluding auto, were up 3.9% versus a year ago. Gas is about 1 percentage point of that increase. Like you, we're still waiting for tax, trade and infrastructure policy initiatives to come to fruition.

In Latin America, Brazil is showing signs of emerging from its 2-year recession, and we continue to see modest growth in Europe with the unemployment rate nearing a 9-year low. Germany remained solid. The slower growth in the U.K., Italy and France, driven by rising inflation and some uncertainty around the impact of Brexit negotiations. Relating to Travel, we're seeing increased inbound traffic into the U.K. due to the weaker pound. However, outbound consumer spend has declined in the case of the U.K.

In Asia, despite some ongoing uncertainty in China, economic indicators show high consumer and business confidence with moderate economic growth, and India's growth continues to be strong. We're working collaboratively with the government there to support electronic acceptance as part of its demonetization efforts. That's a good step towards achieving the long-term opportunity in India. Much work remains to be done there over the next few years.

Meanwhile, we just continue to drive double-digit volume and transaction growth across most of our markets. We're performing well against our plan, and our strong business fundamentals position us well for continuing long-term growth.

In this quarter, we gained momentum in co-credit, debit, prepaid and commercial businesses. By winning new programs, we extended some existing relationships, and we optimized the value of some of our current portfolios.

So let me start with credit and debit and give you a few examples. We renewed a number of exclusive agreements with key partners in the U.S., including Capital One for their signature debit card business and Bank of the West for their consumer credit, debit and small business portfolios. We also renewed our consumer and commercial credit relationship with Citizens Bank. We're actually highly engaged with them in delivering value-added services: Smart Data, In Control, fraud tools, Consulting, Rewards, being examples.

We've expanded some strong partnerships like those with Ita? in Brazil. We're actually launching a new co-branded credit card program with Ita? and Multiplus, which is a loyalty points provider and partner of LATAM Airlines. And that kind of secures MasterCard's leading position in that market with airline programs.

Across Europe, our momentum continues. The larger banks, as you all know, are for the most part, dual-issuance banks in their home countries and what we're doing there is gaining share within their businesses. In addition, a number of the smaller and medium-sized banks have signed some interesting deals with us. And a couple of examples include AvantCard, which is a consumer credit flip that increases MasterCard's market share in Ireland and Bank J.Van Breda, which is a consumer and commercial win in Belgium.

China, we await clarity there still on the requirements for domestic switching. Our local team continues to win a number of single-branded card programs in China. Again, one example from this quarter is ICBC, that we are building on that existing relationship to launch an exclusive co-branded card program with China's second-largest online travel agency.

So prepaid. There, we're the leader globally in prepaid, and we continue to make strides with new product launches. We have closed deals in every region in this quarter. What we're doing there is also to pursue some key verticals like travel, leveraging our gross part of prepaid program management capabilities that some of you will remember we acquired from Travelex a few years ago.

You've heard me call out some of our initiatives there before, but let me add a couple of recent examples. Cash Passport is a multicurrency prepaid card program. We have launched it in 13 countries around the world. With Cash Passport cards, what travelers can do is they can load up to 7 currencies at a time and then use the card at ATMs and POS merchant locations. This quarter, we announced an expansion of the program, the Cash Passport program, with Canada Post as a new distribution partner through its thousands of locations.

And then to give our issuers the ability to offer exclusive benefits and features to their customers traveling abroad, we have developed the MasterCard Platinum Prepaid Travel Card, which stores balances in multiple currencies, locks in the exchange rates before you travel and provides platinum extras like free WiFi and merchant offers and transaction alerts. We went live with Travelex in the U.K. this quarter with this product. The product is already available to prepaid issuers in Brazil and several countries in the Middle East over the last year or 2.

Now moving on to the digital space. We have continued momentum with MasterPass through our digital-by-default strategy. We've added more banks this quarter: BMO Harris in the U.S., La Caixa in Spain, to reach over 85 million enabled accounts.

On the merchant acceptance front, we're continuing to add new partners like Expedia as well as Sage, which in turn brings us 10,000 small and medium-sized merchants. The idea is to create a variety of options for consumers to shop efficiently and safely online. And building on our recent announcement for Masterpass QR with Ecobank in Nigeria, we're now rolling it out to multiple markets in the Middle East, Africa and parts of Asia. In India, we worked with the government and payment industry to develop and launch BharatQR, which is an interoperable QR code acceptance solution basically simplifying the ability for small and micro merchants across the country to get into the electronic payment system in a cost-effective way.

Masterpass QR is just one of the many APIs available to our partners within the MasterCard developer's platform. The idea is to make it easy for them to integrate with MasterCard technology and services. Facebook Messenger bots also leverage MasterCard's APIs. They're now live with FreshDirect, Subway and The Cheesecake Factory in the U.S. And as we discussed when we introduced our plans for the Facebook bots, they use artificial intelligence to enable consumers to interact with these merchants to build their orders, and then, of course, securely check out via Masterpass. But the interesting thing is all this without leaving the messenger platform.

We're also connecting our customers for digital payments through our processing services. And I'll give you a very good example. Recently, we signed a new multiyear deal with General Motors for MasterCard Payment Gateway Services to enable safe and secure online transactions across GM's network of 4,400 dealers and a number of service providers and various GM business units in North America. And we're doing all this and continuing to innovate in safety and security. And this quarter, MasterCard and Samsung announced the world's first authentication technology using iris scanning to verify online purchases on a mobile phone. MasterCard Identity Check or as everybody else calls it Selfie Pay, will use this iris scanning technology as well alongside the photo biometric when it's implemented on the Galaxy S8 later this year.

We also recently announced the first biometric card. This combines chip technology with fingerprint scans directly on the card. And that technology can be compared to do what many of us do today when you unlock your smartphone. It's now being used to verify a cardholder's identity for in-store purchases at any EMV terminal. We have just finished successful trials in South Africa with a leading supermarket retailer and a bank. We expect trials in Europe and Asia in the coming months.

So whether it's fields of tokens and digital wallets or it's innovating in biometrics and artificial intelligence, our technology is helping to drive a seamless, convenient and secure customer experience as part of our goal to make every transaction safer, simpler and smarter than ever before.

And with that, I'm going to turn the call over to Martina for an update on our financial results and operational metrics. Martina?

Thanks, Ajay, and good morning, everyone. Before I begin, I would also like to extend a warm welcome to VocaLink and NuData teams.

Turning to our financial metrics starting on Page 3. You will see we have delivered another strong quarter. Unless otherwise stated, the gross numbers I call out will be on a currency-neutral basis, excluding a special item related to the Canadian merchant litigation provision. And as you can see, there was almost no impact from FX on our numbers. Net revenue growth was 12% year-over-year and came ahead of our expectations due to healthy volume and transaction growth and a slightly better-than-expected FX environment. Operating expenses increased by 11% and operating income grew 13%. EPS was $1.01, up 17% year-over-year, driven primarily by a strong operating performance with share repurchases contributing $0.03 per share.

During the quarter, we repurchased $1 billion worth of stock and an additional $272 million through April 27. In addition, the effective tax rate was lower this quarter when compared to the same period last year, primarily due to more favorable geographic mix of taxable earnings.

So let me turn to Page 4, where you can see the solid operating metrics for the first quarter. When normalized for last year's leap day, all of our metrics would have been up by roughly another 1 ppt. Worldwide gross dollar volume or GDV growth was 8% on a local currency basis, the same as last quarter. U.S. GDV grew 2% and was made up of credit growth of 5%, while debit was essentially flat when normalized for the leap day effect. Outside of the U.S., volume grew 11%, led by higher growth in Canada and Latin America, but Brazil in particular. Cross-border volume grew at a very healthy 13% on a local currency basis, the same growth rate as last quarter. We continue to see strength in Europe and Latin America, which was partially offset by weakness from oil-producing countries in the Middle East.

Turning to Page 5. We continue to see very good growth in switched transactions of 17% globally to $14.7 billion, with strong double-digit growth in all regions except the U.S. In particular, we saw strength in Brazil, Russia and India. And globally, there are 2.4 billion MasterCard-branded cards issued.

Now let me turn to Page 6 for highlights on a few of the revenue line items. Net revenue grew 12%, driven by continued strong transaction and volume growth as well as our services offerings.

Looking at the individual revenue line items. The difference between fees charged and volumes in the domestic assessments and cross-border categories is mainly due to pricing, which is essentially offset in rebates and incentives as well as some mix. Domestic assessments grew 15%, while worldwide GDV grew 8%. Cross-border volume fees grew 17%, while cross-border volume grew 13%. Transaction processing revenue was 16%, in line with the 17% growth we saw in switched transactions. And finally, other revenue grew 12%, driven primarily by advisers in our safety and security services. This growth rate was lower than our recent trend and would have been 18% had it not been for 2 factors related to our loyalty business in Asia.

First, we are in the process of restructuring certain customer contracts to reflect a change in our business practices. As a result, we are now netting some costs against related revenues. And second, we determined that certain revenues are better classified as domestic assessments. Note, each of these factors has a roughly 3 ppt impact to the growth rate of other revenues. However, both of these changes have no impact on our overall net revenue growth or to the bottom line.

Moving on to Page 7. You can see that excluding the special item, total operating expenses increased 11% on a currency-neutral basis. On a year-over-year basis, roughly 3 ppt of this increase was due to the accelerated A&M spend in support of the rollout of Masterpass that I told you about last quarter. The remainder was primarily due to higher personnel costs as we continue to invest in our digital and new payment capabilities, geographic expansion, advisers consulting services and data analytics.

So let me turn to Slide 8. And here, let's discuss what we have seen in April through the 28th, where most of our drivers are similar or slightly better than in Q1. Please remember that the year-over-year comparisons in April are aided by the timing of when Easter fell this year. The numbers through April 28 are as follows. Starting with switched volume, we saw global growth of 10%, up slightly from 9% in the first quarter but double-digit growth in all regions outside of the U.S. In the U.S., our switched volume grew 3%, up a bit from the first quarter, with higher growth in both credit and debit programs. And gas had about 0.5 ppt positive impact to our April growth. Switched volume outside the U.S. grew 17%, the same as in the first quarter. And globally, switched transaction growth was 17%, the same as what we saw in Q1, with similar growth rates in the U.S. as well as outside of the U.S. And with respect to cross-border, our volumes grew 17% globally, up 4 ppt from Q1, primarily driven by the timing of Easter.

So looking ahead, our expectations for 2017 are broadly consistent with our prior estimates. We continue to grow our core business with a mix of new deals, renewed agreements and the expansion of our differentiated service offerings, and there has been no major change in the macroeconomic environment. We continue to expect net revenue will grow at a low double-digit rate on a currency-neutral basis, excluding acquisitions and consistent with our 3-year performance objective.

When you model this on an as-reported basis, adjusted for the FX impact of all currencies, we estimate there would be a headwind of between 1 to 2 ppt to net revenue growth and a little more than 2 ppt to the bottom line given the current FX environment relative to last year. Although our first quarter as-reported net revenue had a minimal year-over-year FX impact, we expect bigger impact in the coming quarters due to the year-ago comps, particularly in Q2. We expect near-term net revenue growth will be lower than later in the year due to higher incentives in new and renewed agreements and the roll off of one agreement.

On expenses. We continue to expect year-over-year total operating expenses to grow in the high single-digit rate excluding acquisitions on a currency-neutral basis and that FX will have about 1 ppt benefit to as-reported operating expenses for the year. Also of note, the acceleration of A&M spend to support the rollout of Masterpass will continue into the second quarter. In particular, second quarter A&M spend will be up by about $40 million versus the year-ago quarter. And as a reminder, we exclude the impact of acquisitions from our performance objectives for comparability's sake, but provide some detail to assist you with your modeling for the rest of the year. So in particular, with regards to the acquisition of VocaLink, which just closed, we expect it to improve the quarterly net revenue growth rate by about 2.5 ppt, increase total operating expenses at a run rate of roughly $100 million per quarter and be about $0.05 to $0.06 dilutive in 2017, driven primarily by purchase accounting and integration-related costs.

Finally, you should assume a tax rate close to the bottom end of the 28% to 29% range based on our current expectations of regional mix.

With that, let me turn the call back to Warren to begin the Q&A session. Warren?

Thank you, Martina. We're now ready to begin the question-and-answer session. (Operator Instructions)

(Operator Instructions) Your first question comes from James Schneider from Goldman Sachs.

I was wondering if you could maybe give us a broad update on the regulatory environment you're seeing right now. The CHOICE Act has been introduced in the Congress and obviously, includes a repeal of Durbin Amendment in that. So any impact you would see if that would indeed pass? And then also, in Europe, relative to PSD2, whether you're seeing any shift in the landscape at this point in time.

So it's Ajay. I -- My view of the U.S. regulatory environment is that, as I said, I still to see the results of all the various policy initiatives come through. I consider the CHOICE Act and Durbin Amendment kind of thing in the same category. I am unsure in the political environment that we're seeing right now is that a lot of these will pass through in the form that original statements make them out to appear to be. And so I'm sort of unwilling to factor too much hope from specifics of that type. I continue to believe that in overall terms, the regulatory environment will continue to improve in this administration because that's their focus. But I don't think you can pick one item out of it and say, "Oh that one will certainly pass." I don't think that's the way it's going to work. So that's not the way we're looking at it. On Europe, on the other hand, there's a lot going on in Europe, but PSD2 is at very early stages. As you know, what PSD2 does is that it basically opens up even if fully implemented, the market to many new players who could come in and play in the payments ecosystem. It also introduces a number of things that aren't as simple for merchants or consumers to handle. For example, 2-factor authentication. So my general view on PSD2 is that we've got a bunch of people in our company working very hard to make sure we take the tailwinds that it will produce for a company like ours. And I assure you there are plenty of tailwinds, while also taking into account headwinds that it produces and kind of work with banks and merchants and these new players to make sure that they can play a role that's practical and sensible to facilitate the payments ecosystem. You've got to remember that the 2-factor authentication and things like already low interchange in Europe can create some headwinds for great progress for new players to come into the system. And so this isn't as simple to figure out as it may appear to be when you first read PSD2. I think over the next 2, 3, 4, 5 years, you will begin to see this have a road map, and we have built preparing for that, both from a tailwind and a headwind point of view.

Your next question comes from Don Fandetti with Citigroup.

Ajay, if you look at the network results this quarter, it seems like the international markets are starting to perk up a little bit. I was just curious on your thoughts on the sustainability of that. And then if you could maybe comment about the U.S., what your view is there and how travel into the U.S. has been trending.

So Don, you're absolutely correct that the international markets have, in the last, I would say, not just this quarter, over the last 6 to 9 months, things have been moving up in the international markets. Remember, Brazil was one of those big markets for us that was holding it back. Brazil turning the corner -- I wouldn't get -- call it a V shape movement, by the way. I'm looking at a kind of flat U. It's stopped declining. It's improved a bit. This is a good thing. There's a lot going on in Brazil on the political and economic environment that still has to pan out for this to be a continued improvement. But it's way better than it was a year ago at this time. So that's the first one. The second one is remember a few things in cross-border. You look at places like France that had got seriously impacted a year ago by unsafe environments. France has actually began to come back up not where we would like it to be, but again, improved over where it was. There are other countries that are still suffering from travel and tourism issues to do with safety. Your specific question on the United States, inbound into the U.S., anecdotal information, not yet quite visible, but anecdotal on travel bookings in the future on hotel bookings in the future would indicate that there is some slowdown in that. I think part of it could be just the strong dollar versus other currencies. Part of it could be concerns around the political and stability of the social environment. This is -- it's tough to say. Now I wouldn't read too much into it yet. I think if it continues for another quarter, that will be a matter of some concern for inbound into the U.S. But international, on the whole, you're absolutely correct. Things are looking decent there. Outbound U.S. travel is fine.

Yes. And even in Europe, as Ajay already mentioned France, but it's really across Europe where we are seeing very strong -- continued strong growth from a cross-border point of view. Ajay mentioned it in his prepared remarks that the inbound travel into the U.K. is extremely strong, but it's pretty much offset by a much lower outbound travel in the -- from the U.K., but all of the other countries on the continent. And in fact, we've been seeing Russia starting to come up, people traveling a lot outside of Russia. So very strong factors there.

China is interesting. There is lower growth in China, but Korea and Hong Kong remained very strong. So it kind of moves around. But if I were to focus on cross-border, it would be Europe and North America that are showing results with Brazil as well. And then the others come a little after that.

Yes. But even in China, we have positive cross-border growth trends.

Yes, yes.

Your next question comes from the line of Bryan Keane with Deutsche Bank.

Martina, maybe you can just explain the dynamic between how pricing is impacting domestic and cross-border fees and then how that gets netted out against rebates and incentives. Just what that impact is, how that looks like. And then, what is that going to look like going forward? And how should we model that?

Yes. We had made a number of changes over the last quarter or so. Basically, adjusting the pricing of our various products and services offerings. And that allowed us to obviously move some of the numbers around. But net-net, I have to tell you from a pricing point of view, that was not really a big contributor for this quarter. So what you saw that the domestic assessment fees didn't quite grow in line with GDV. You saw that the cross-border volume fees didn't quite grow in line with the cross-border volume. And that was -- I'm sorry, that it grew more than the GDV fee and the cross-border volume, and that was pretty much offset in the rebates and incentive line. This factor will be pretty much with us for the next 3 quarters.

Next question, please?

Your next question comes from the line of Tien-tsin Huang with JPMorgan.

Just wanted to quickly clarify that I think Martina, you mentioned the roll off of an agreement. Did you size that? And is that new information? And then just on VocaLink, I'm curious, how did that asset -- how does that asset perform year-to-date maybe metrics you can share? And how should we gauge the short-term performance here beyond just the revenue and expense?

So first of all, on the roll-off, the agreement, we had mentioned that this is just something that has been with us for the last 4 quarters. You are going to see it...

Tien-tsin, it's the U.S.A. roll-off, man. Nothing new.

Okay, yes. I just wanted to make sure. I just wanted to make sure.

Nothing. There's nothing new. That's what it is.

Nothing new. I wouldn't leave you in suspense.

Okay. Just wanted to make sure. I'm nutty like that. And then, VocaLink?

And secondly, on VocaLink, just some texture beyond just the numbers that I had called out this morning. They are performing really well, okay? So we are actually very happy as we closed the agreement. They really did a wonderful job in the market in all of their various product lines, including obviously, developing the app, which is a push-debit product in the U.K. and starting to roll that out with a number of bank partners. So we are very pleased to see that. I think that kind of trajectory will continue. Of course, this is going to be a more complicated integration, so we have -- everybody welcomed now for 3 days. We are very hard at doing the integration over the last 3 days. But there's another year to come. And so you will be hearing from us more as the quarters unfold.

Tien-tsin, basically to me, VocaLink, at the end of the day, aside from the actual as to how you integrate them, I just think the opportunity to be able to go to any customer in the world and both the bank and a merchant and even a consumer eventually, and show them the ability through a Masterpass or some such event, show them from a MasterCard card to using Mastercard Send for P2P to using an ACH capability. As we get the capability from VocaLink embedded across our system and as we can do it at different levels of complexity in different countries. I mean, in the U.K., VocaLink is a full operator as well. In other countries, it's got different models there. But you'll find us over the next year or 2, at least at the front end trying to put as much as we can of our skills and capabilities across full payment ranges, add to it what we can do with ESS fraud safety, artificial intelligence, decision analytics and put all that and bundle it together. That's our real work in the integration. That's actually probably 80% of what the work that's going to happen over the next year or 2.

Next question, please?

Your next question comes from the line of Sanjay Sakhrani with KBW.

Ajay, in previous calls, you've talked about the timing on China and kind of how it's unfolding there. Obviously, Visa talked about perhaps that extending out a little bit. Maybe you could just talk about your updated thoughts on that. And then Martina, just one quick question on the incentives. As we look out to next year, should we expect similar growth rates to this year?

You're going to do the incentive one?

Sanjay, we are not yet ready to talk about next year. So we have been talking about the incentive line for this year, and I think I mentioned on the last quarter call that we expect about roughly a 20% increase on rebates and incentives. I think that is still roughly the number, but you're going to have to wait a little later in the year that we will be talking then about 2018. But as you have seen, rebates and incentives line has not really changed much over the last year or so, 2 years, and I don't expect much of a change.

And Sanjay, on your question on China. What we're trying to do there is probably not dissimilar to what you heard from Al on his call. We're working closely with the government there to finalize our application for a domestic license and so the -- we haven't got all the details you need relating to not just the application, but even more importantly, the review process. And so this is kind of an ongoing effort with them. And I've been saying this now in some earnings calls as you have heard that I wouldn't sort of hold my breath on when this comes through. It's just work, keep at it. And as they get more comfortable with opening up their domestic payments market in a way that makes sense for their market and their economy, that's when more and more clarity will keep emerging. We're kind of working our way through it. We've -- I've been there a couple of times in the last 3, 4 months. I've met everybody, so has everybody else who has been there. We probably meet similar people or one person here, one person there. But at the end of the day, I don't have much more to add to you on that. I remain focused on sort of doing a few things. One is ensuring that we get more and more single-brand agreement signed up, and we signed 40, 45 or so of them last year. We signed more in the first quarter. And the good news is because of that, our card numbers in China are continuing to increase, even as the dual-brand card issuance or renewal rather is lagging off as some banks are moving away from dual brand. Now you got to remember, not every bank is in a big daring hurry to move away from dual brand because they also recognize the impact on their revenue stream of moving away from it. So this is kind of a -- it's a moving target. It's a little difficult to put a numerical value to it. But the good news is our total number of cards continues to increase despite this dynamic. And so as Martina mentioned when I was giving the answer on cross-border, China cross-border continues to grow as well. So there's a nice little dynamic going on there. Now it's going to get a little more complicated as the year goes by on dual-brand cards, and hopefully, the single-brand volume we are building will continue to give us the tailwind against the headwind of dual brand. All this inside the ecosystem conversation of how do we get to a license in China, which to me is still some distance away. Now there's a lot of conversations going on as you know between the U.S. and China with [100] days conversation to happen I don't yet know if that will influence things materially. So we'll see.

Your next question comes from Darrin Peller with Barclays.

Just a quick follow-up around guidance. I know -- I think it was adjusted mostly around FX and maybe VocaLink being included to some extent here as well. But I guess, when we look at the timing of some of the variables, like USAA lapping and we've heard a lot more about possible pricing tailwinds in Europe and others. Just wondering if we shouldn't expect a better growth rate in the second half than the 12% constant currency that we just saw? It was obviously 12% constant currency that came in pretty strong versus our estimate. And then just a quick question, Ajay, on India, similar to the China question. I mean, I guess your thoughts on timing and opportunities there if you can just quickly update us.

So Darrin, first of all, just to explain again the first quarter, it did come in better than expectations. We called out strong drivers, in particular in Latin America, in Asia Pacific as well as European cross-border and some of the transaction growth that we saw outside of the United States. And FX was more favorable than we otherwise had assumed. One quarter does not make a year. We have also guided in my remarks that in the first half of the year, you will probably see -- so that means the second quarter and the third quarter, you'll probably will see some lower growth rates and then pulling back up in the fourth quarter. So at this point in time, I don't see a basis for actually making a change for what we said about the whole year.

Okay. And just...

(inaudible) Working away. So we're working away against our plan. Remember, that's what I'm working on. [MasterCard] India, how much time do you want to spend?

As much as you want.

So India. What's going on there is that in this first quarter, the growth rate of cards spent at point of sale is still very substantial but much lower than it was in the fourth quarter. I think that's partly because currency notes have come back into circulation. And so cash withdrawal at ATMs has gone up compared to where it was in the fourth quarter. Overall, GDV is still impacted. I think if you spoke to consumer product companies that are large in India, a Unilever kind of company, they would tell you, they still see an impact on total consumer volumes and downsizing of inventory in the retail system because of some nonavailability of adequate cash for transaction capability, right? So there's an interesting mix going on here. You're seeing more electronic. You're seeing a little more cash still not back to where it was, but it's headed in the right direction. But more importantly, headed in the right direction with some tailwinds on the need to fix towards electronic versus more cash. That's kind of what's going on underlying all this. Now let me give you a couple of numbers that will tell you the magnitude of what else we've done there. So there are about 840 million debit cards in India. And those have grown by 20%, 25% over the last 6 months. It's a huge number. But of those, 770 million of them only take out cash from ATMs. Only 70 million of them have been used more than once at a point-of-sale. And therefore, the total volume of the number going through these 2, the ones that are use for cash at an ATM, it's $450 billion a year. The ones that are use for point-of-sale transactions, $30 billion. So we're talking a very cash heavy marketplace with a great deal of reliance on cash as the instrument of driving the economy. That's what they're trying to work their way through. I mean, to give you a similar example for credit cards, there are less than 30 million credit cards in India. Just compared to 840 billion in debit, of which 70 billion have been used at a point-of-sale, there's only 30 million credit cards. And the last 6 months, while the debit card grew by 25%, credit cards grew by less than 10%. So it's an interesting dynamic. And while merchant acceptance have grown in [North] about 2.5 million from where it used to be, which is 1.5 million. There are 60 million over there that you could get to, I doubt, you'd get to a number of them because that includes a fruit seller on the roadside, who probably will be among the last few to convert to electronic. But between 2.5 and 60, there's a wide number. And even if you got to 5 million, 6 million, 7 million that would be a substantial change over the coming year. This government is very focused on driving acceptance, that's why the QR launch, that's why they're driving new point-of-sale terminals being put into their country. What they need to do is to provide some clarity on the MDR. In January, they reinstated MDR but at lower rates. Remember, there was MDR holiday for a couple of months in the last quarter as a way of providing the right incentive and so on. Well, they need to get clear by the end of June, they promised a final rate, and there's a lot of conversations going on between the Reserve Bank of India, the Finance Ministry and the banks and all of us on what that numbers should be. If you don't get clarity on that, how does the bank figure out what its revenue stream will be. If they can't figure out their revenue stream whether they're issuer or an acquirer, how do you expect them to invest in expanding acceptance and issuance? I think the government needs to make a decision on that front to enable this momentum to continue into the second part of this year. And you can call me anytime you want, we could spend 17 hours on this one.

Your next question comes from the line of Jamie Friedman with Susquehanna.

Martina, with regard to the reclass for the other revenue, we get asked about that a fair amount. I know you had called this out that this was going to happen. I was just wondering if you had any more details as to what it was that was reclassed? In other words, is it the security? Or was it Selfie Pay? Or advise -- anymore color on where the reclass took place should be helpful.

Yes. I'm not going to give you a very specific answer to this, but it wasn't our loyalty business in Asia. First of all, we had a number of premium cards there with assessment fees. And they went into other revenues that really should be up in the domestic assessment. So it was basically just going from other revenues up to domestic assessment. And then the second -- and that was a 3 ppt impact. And the other impact, which was also a 3 ppt impact, was where we actually provided in a customer engagement a particular service. And this time, it was actually gift cards, where we procured the gift cards, there were costs to the gift cards, and we provided a holistic service, including program management to that particular customer. We restructured the contract in such a way that we are not procuring the gift cards. The gift cards are procured by the customer. So that means they don't run -- they run in such a way to our P&L that we can actually now net from a growth revenue point of view the cost of those gift cards, okay? And so that is another change. We're not running it gross, we're running it through from a net basis point -- net point of view.

Your next question comes from the line of James Faucette with Morgan Stanley.

I wanted to ask a follow-up question on the VocaLink acquisition and integration and -- you talked a lot about how you look at the integration capabilities and how you judge that. How should we think about -- and I think that makes sense from the context of your overall business lines today. How should we think about new opportunities for VocaLink and once it's fully integrated, I guess, one of the things that we look at is the B2B segment is quite large. Does it make sense for MasterCard to start to explore more aggressively some of those opportunities? And really just looking for expansion on thought process on the VocaLink road map.

Sure. Look, you're definitely going to see us expanding this capability into, first of all, obviously, Fast ACH and what that does with, for example, the pay by bank app in London and the U.K. that's rolling out. That, basically, is like a product that is a debit similar product, but doesn't use a debit card to be able to make a payment from an individual to a merchant. We clearly see that as an opportunity for our company to grow our business in a number of markets around the world. So that doesn't require us necessarily to be operating the entire payments infrastructure of a country. It's a product and an app that you can put at the front end so long as the country has better ACH systems. So you'll see us using that in a number of countries around the world and improving it as we go along over the next couple of years. You should think about it as a 2-, 3-year effort. The second part, clearly, is that we could take their efforts and attach our capability of fraud detection, early warning systems, SafetyNet, decision intelligence, all these products that we've been launching in the fraud and safety space, we could begin to attach those to ACH systems where VocaLink has a role to play. By the way, we're already talking about attaching these tools to ACH systems that VocaLink does not have a role to play as well because this is not determined only by what the front end is. It's determined by our ability to provide that service to ACH type of systems. But clearly, if it's VocaLink there, we've got a better opportunity to introduce these products with some value exchange built into it. So you should see, therefore, those 2 kinds of efforts being business development in some ways. The third one would obviously be the extension of this use into both P2P as well as B2B usage. And we've already made a fair amount of effort in the B2B space as a company. We have been in the last, I'd say 2 years, I think the last Investor Day, if I remember correctly. We had a pretty deep dive on our B2B and commercial efforts. But even recently, we've launched straight through processing. We've done a deal with Amadeus, which is a leading travel technology company. We've done the launch of easy savings cross-border. Our company is making a fair amount of effort in the commercial space. And the availability of VocaLink's capabilities where they are operating just makes it easier for us to make progress there. Remember, all of this is contingent upon VocaLink either being in the marketplace as an operator or our ability to apply the front end of its capabilities, like pay by bank in certain markets and which gives the market [per sale], a Fast ACH system, all different aspects of our safety and security and loyalty services that we could provide whether VocaLink is there or not. And that's kind of the range of things we're doing. One of the good things that's happening is that they're getting some excellent talent from VocaLink. They understand the ACH, Fast ACH, back switching, LINK ATM systems. That's a great add to our company's capabilities. David Yates, who was the CEO of VocaLink, is joining our management committee and will be focused on helping us think about how to do exactly what you ask in different markets. So I'm kind of pretty excited about this. And if you would see me right now, you would find I have a degree of real intensity around this topic over the next 2 to 3 years.

Your next question comes from Andrew Jeffrey from SunTrust.

In terms of switched transactions, you've had some pretty robust growth. I wondered if you could talk a little bit about market share sort of by region and continued momentum. And if indeed that is one of the key drivers behind that line item.

Yes, Andrew, I'm going to take that. And you're absolutely right. I mean, this is now 3 quarters or so in a row that we have 17% switched transaction growth, which is absolutely terrific. The growth is really coming from Asia Pacific and Middle East to Africa, in particular. In Australia, India, South Africa, even in Nigeria, even though we all know that, that country and the economic environment has a little bit of a tough time at this point in time. In the EU -- in Europe, our European region, they are very good growth metrics from a switched transaction point of view. The areas that I can be calling out to you is the U.K., but even France where we weren't able to switch as much before. And we have been winning a number of agreements where we can now switch. In Russia, we continue to switch. And in Latin America, Ajay was already mentioning Brazil where we're seeing some growth. The last really bright item that I can call out for you is PIN switching in the United States. That has been really in -- well into the double-digit space in over the last 3 quarters. And that was a combination of the kind of work that we have been doing with issuers in order to get on the back of the card as well as with merchants on the routing opportunities.

Your next question comes from the line of Lisa Ellis with Bernstein.

Ajay, I have another question about India. Paytm in India was or is, I guess, now classified as a so-called payments bank. And I'm wondering, which I guess, appears to be somewhat of a hybrid between a traditional bank and a money transfer agent. I'm wondering, one, are you seeing these constructs kind of crop up elsewhere around the world? And then also, how do you think about your value proposition as MasterCard to that kind of entity?

So Lisa, the way the payments bank topic in India developed was there was a report put out by the Central Bank or The Reserve Bank as it's called in India. They commissioned a report, and they had put out an idea of how do you grow acceptance and electronic payments in the country. And one of the items in that was to add on the idea of payments banks, where they wouldn't have the same infrastructure and the same need as a traditional bank, but they could help to reach these under-penetrated lower volume, lower density of population areas to expand the distribution of electronic payment products. There are other countries that have done similar things. They call them differently. In Mexico, for example, the correspondent banking network does something similar where you could put the ability to have a terminal in a retail store in a small town in Mexico, and that could be used for both simple deposits and simple withdrawals. So different countries have gone through different extents on this, and it's been going on for quite a few years. The specifics of Paytm are the following. Paytm, mostly, till now, has been operating as a closed-loop prepaid wallet. So they got to build their own acceptance, which is kind of challenging. Now the input into the wallet was credit, debit and bank accounts. A bit like PayPal of old. That's a staged wallet. As you know, we don't think staged wallets provide transparency for either the merchant or the consumer or the bank, but that's a different challenge. But what they were basically doing was a prepaid closed-loop wallet. When the government announced the demonetization, clearly, whichever outlet you were accepted in, and if you spent a lot of effort to grow your acceptance, which is one of the things they're going to do with whatever money they now getting injected into themselves over the next few months, depending on what deal finally gets struck by new investors, they're going to try and expand their acceptance. Meanwhile, the payment bank side of them is currently a different legal entity. I don't exactly know how that'll work out over time and how it will get connected into Paytm or not. But they're going to have to use, at that point of time, they're going to have to think about a open-loop system. That's part of the payment bank system. So this is going to be an interesting movement, and we're clearly talking to them. We think they're interesting partners as I'm sure other networks are. And that's where they are right now. So I don't know if that's a clear enough answer, but it's a moving dynamic on the ground there in India. My general view of all such players is that you've got to work with them as partners because they're a channel for a consumer to reach either another consumer or a merchant. And that puts us in the middle of those payment floors. And with ACH capabilities, if you can go into countries and start offering them, it puts us even better in the middle of those same floors while at the same time developing our own alternatives in the form of MasterPass with a full suite of capabilities over time for a consumer and bank to use, whether it be card rails or ACH rails or MasterCard send. And that's the way I think about this, a fully competitive, open-loop system driven on the quality of service and driven on the quality of other services that you can attach to them, whether it be fraud management or processing or loyalty or data analytics. And that's why you see our strategy the way we we're working on it.

Your next question comes from Paulo Ribeiro from BMO.

A couple of quick questions here. One on the processing side. Can you tell us a little about the opportunities that you see in Europe. You've mentioned in the past that the separation of scheme and process could offer global [trends]. And second, in the U.S., we saw last year some problems with the Green Dot rollout. Can you give us an update where you are and again where you see opportunities here. And if I can just squeeze just a quick stake on VocaLink. You've guided me in the past with $0.10 dilution for the next -- for the 24 months after. Is that still the case? Could you mention the impact for '17 on it?

Now on VocaLink, Paulo, it's $0.05 to $0.06 dilution for the year.

Okay. But -- So it's just -- for '18, you're not talking about '18 yet.

No, we are not talking about '18 at this point in time. But typically, something like this takes about 2 years to integrate. So I wouldn't be surprised that it's probably another $0.05 in 2018. But yes, 2017 is $0.05 to $0.06. I said $0.05 before, and you might wonder because we now have only 8 months of integration versus 12 months that we had on the underlying $0.05 why is it roughly still the same number? Well, our teams are actually trying to get in 8 months the same work on integration done that we had otherwise thought that we would need to take 12 months. So it's going to be very similar costs that we're going to put into those 8 months versus what we had in the 12 months.

On the processing and switching side, honestly, I'm assuming you're referring mostly to Europe. But in Europe, we're pretty confident and comfortable with the way in which we are managing the clarity that the European Commission has provided on the rules on what's meant to be handled in that space. And as you know, they insisted on a certain kind of separation. And we think they've done a pretty good job of managing those. I don't feel that there is a lot of headway -- headwind against us on that topic. Things are aligned on the ground correctly, meaning, they're not supposed to do certain things together. They're supposed to report separately. All that is set up and moving at full speed. We have not got any hesitation on that front. For the rest of processing, we're continuing to do some really interesting things. I read out in my prepared remarks the example with General Motors and MasterCard Payment Gateway Services. There are examples like that in the prepaid space. That's the Green Dot part that you're referring to. We are actually rolling along well with those conversions and there's examples of that type in the Travelex prepaid program management that we bought. I read that out in my opening remarks as well to give you an example of how they're using it for prepaid travel. So in general, life is progressing well in the processing and switching space.

Thank you, Ajay. Do you have any final comments?

Sure. First of all, just thank you all for your questions. And a couple of closing thoughts. The first one, I hope you got the sense we're off to a good start to the year. We understand what we're going to get done for the rest of the year, and as Martina has made some effort to point out to you, we understand how the dynamics of revenue for the year will move. We're spending money on Masterpass again in the second quarter. Don't forget that. That's a good thing. It's helping us build our awareness and our capabilities on Masterpass, all with good underlying fundamentals. What I'm really excited about is the capabilities our recent acquisitions are bringing, and we're going to look forward to developing new revenue streams and driving growth. We recognize that VocaLink has a very vital role to play in the U.K. payments ecosystem. You should know we are committed to maintaining the appropriate stewardship of that very important asset, hence my comment and Martina's comment about focusing on integrating it the right way. But at the same time, we're going to be looking for opportunities to leverage their capabilities elsewhere in the world, and we're just very excited about having completed that acquisition in a relatively quick time frame. We really appreciate your continued support of the company. Thank you for joining us today.

This concludes today's conference call. You may now disconnect.