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Operator
Good morning ladies and gentlemen, and welcome to Trustmark Corporation's fourth-quarter earnings conference call and webcast. (Operator Instructions). As a reminder, this call is being recorded.
It is now my pleasure to introduce Mr. Joey Rein, Director of Investor Relations at Trustmark. Please go ahead.
Joey Rein - SVP, IR Director
Good morning. I'd like to remind everyone that a copy of our fourth-quarter earnings release as well as the slide presentation that will be discussed on our call this morning is available on the Investor Relations section of our website at Trustmark.com.
During the course of our call, management may make forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. We would like to caution you that these forward-looking statements may differ materially from actual results due to a number of risks and uncertainties which are outlined in our earnings release and our other filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission.
At this time, I will turn the call over to the President and CEO of Trustmark, Jerry Host.
Jerry Host - President, CEO
Thank you, Joey, and good morning, everyone. Thanks for joining us. Also here with me are Louis Greer, our CFO; Barry Harvey, the Chief Credit Officer; and Tom Owens, our Bank Treasurer.
Let's begin by reviewing some highlights on Page 3 of the presentation material. 2015 was a year of significant achievements. Thank you to our associates for their hard work and thank you to our customers, communities, and shareholders we have the privilege of serving.
Looking at profitable revenue generation, loans held for investment growth was solid, increasing $642 million, or 10%, in 2015. This is the second consecutive year of substantial loan growth.
Looking at the core business, revenue, excluding interest income from acquired loans, increased $12 million despite the prolonged low interest rate environment that our industry continues to face.
Our insurance business had a record year, achieving the highest level of revenue in Trustmark's history. This achievement reflects the combination of realigned processes and structure as well as investments in additional producers to support continued growth.
Mortgage banking also reported strong results with revenue increasing nearly 22% in 2015. These results are partially -- these results also partially reflect growth investments made throughout the year. Our portfolio of complementary fee income businesses performed well and counterbalanced seasonal and cyclical activity throughout the year.
As for the acquired loan portfolio, performance continued to exceed our expectations, contributing to solid capital base and providing the flexibility to support additional growth.
Moving on to process improvement and expense management, we have and continue to focus on realigning the organization to position the Corporation for continued success. During the fourth quarter, routine noninterest expense remained well-controlled and totaled approximately $97 million, down from both the prior quarter and year-over-year. This figure reflects both achieved cost savings as well as re-investments to support revenue growth.
As an example, we continue to realign our delivery channels and in 2015, we consolidated eight banking centers and opened three. In 2015, we also introduced myTrustmark, our new consumer mobile banking platform, and remain excited about the opportunities technology will play in enhancing the Trustmark banking experience.
Under credit quality, credit quality metrics continue to remain solid as criticized and classified loan balances improved from both the prior quarter and comparable period one year earlier. Nonperforming assets also declined on a linked-quarter and year-over-year basis.
Overall, in 2015, net income totaled $116 million, which represented earnings per share of $1.71. Return on average tangible equity and return on average assets came in at 11.36% and 0.95% respectively. I'd also like to remind you that our board declared a quarterly cash dividend of $0.23 per share payable on March 15, 2016 to shareholders of record on March 1.
If you will turn now to Slide 4, we'll discuss the results in a little bit more detail. For the fourth quarter of 2015, average deposits totaled $9.4 billion, yielding a total cost of deposits of just 13 basis points. Our well diversified, low-cost deposit base reflects in part the sustainable relationships we have built over time. In fact, Trustmark maintains either a number one or number two deposit share ranking in 46% of the counties we serve. We've worked hard to develop these relationships over time and continue to view our deposit base as a source of strength for the Trustmark franchise.
Turning to Slide 5, we'll look at credit. As a reminder, unless noted otherwise, these credit quality metrics I'll discuss exclude acquired loan and other real estate covered by FDIC loss share agreements. Relative to the comparable period one year earlier, we saw material improvements in many of our credit metrics, including criticized and classified loan balances as well as nonperforming assets.
In 2015, net charge-offs totaled $10.4 million while provision for loan losses totaled $8.4 million. When considering the relationship of net charge-offs to provision for loan losses, it's helpful to review a couple of data points.
Nonperforming loans to total loans, which include loans held for sale, improved significantly to 76 basis points from year-end 2014 to 2015 while allowance for loan losses to nonperforming excluding the impaired loans increased to approximately 210% during the same time period. I say all this to highlight the improvement of nonperforming assets relative to the current reserve, which represents a level management considers commensurate with the inherent risk in the loan portfolio.
At December 31, 2015, the allowance for both held for investment and acquired loan losses totaled $80 million and represented 1.06% of the held for investment and acquired loan portfolios.
Now, turning to Slide 6, we'll be looking at our loans held for investment portfolio. At December 31, 2015, loans held for investment totaled $7.1 billion, an increase of approximately $300 million from the prior quarter and $642 million for the year. Growth throughout the year was generally diversified across our five-state franchise as we maintain share in our legacy markets and expanded in markets with greater growth opportunities.
Looking at our energy portfolio, Trustmark has no loan exposure where the source of repayment or the underlying security of such exposure is tied to the realization of value from energy reserves. Additionally, as of December 31, 2015, Trustmark had no nonperforming or nonaccrual loans in its energy portfolio.
At quarter end, Trustmark's total energy exposure and outstanding balances were $416 million and $213 million, respectively. Should oil prices remain at current levels or below for a prolonged period of time, there is a potential for downgrades to occur. We'll continue to monitor the situation as appropriate.
Now, looking at Slide 7, let's discuss the performance of our acquired loan portfolio. At December 31, acquired loans totaled $390 million, a decrease of approximately $29 million from the prior quarter. As a result of our most recent re-estimation of cash flows, we expect the yield on acquired loans, excluding recoveries, to be in the 5.5% to 6.5% range for the first quarter of 2016. We also anticipate during the first quarter that acquired loan balances, excluding any settlement of debt, decline by approximately $25 million to $30 million.
Let's look at revenue highlights by turning to Slide 8. Net interest income for the fourth quarter totaled $104 million and resulted in a net interest margin of 3.74%. Excluding acquired loans and yield maintenance payments, the net interest margin in the fourth quarter totaled 3.4%.
In the fourth quarter, noninterest income totaled approximately $39 million. Insurance and mortgage banking continued to perform well during 2015 but were both impacted by seasonal declines in revenue in the fourth quarter. Excluding the impact of the net hedge ineffectiveness, mortgage banking revenues in the fourth quarter increased 6.8% year-over-year.
Turning now to Slide 9, we'll review noninterest expense. In the fourth quarter, excluding ORE and the intangible amortization of $1.4 million, routine noninterest expense totaled approximately $97 million, down from both the prior quarter and year-over-year. Salaries and benefits expense declined linked-quarter, primarily because of seasonally lower insurance and mortgage production commissions.
As I mentioned earlier on the call, we believe technology such as myTrustmark will play a pivotal role in the overall Trustmark banking experience and view this delivery channel as a complement to our branch network. With that said, we continually review our branch footprint to ensure that customer relationships are maintained and opportunities are present to further enhance these relationships. This proven -- this approach has proven successful and over the past three years has resulted in 27 consolidated offices and eight new offices.
Now, looking at Slide 10, capital management, Trustmark continues to maintain a solid capital base and remains well-positioned to meet the needs of our customers and provide long-term value for our shareholders. At December 31, 2015, Trustmark's tangible equity to tangible asset ratio was 8.79% while the total risk-based capital ratio was 14.07%. As always, we will remain prudent and diligent in the evaluation of all capital deployment opportunities.
Looking now to Slide 11, we'll conclude with our strategic priorities. As I mentioned at the beginning of the call, 2015 was a year of significant achievements, but as we look forward to 2016, there is still a lot of work to be done. We'll continue to focus on expanding substantial customer -- sustainable customer relationships while also creating long-term value for our shareholders. We believe the strategic priorities in place align our activities with our focus. And we have contributed to the value of Trustmark's franchise.
At this time, I would be happy to take any questions.
Operator
Thank you. We will now begin the question-and-answer session. (Operator Instructions). Preeti Dixit, JPMorgan.
Preeti Dixit - Analyst
Could you give us a quick update on how the $213 million of energy balances splits between services, midstream, etc.? And I know overall criticized and classified loans were down this quarter, but did you see any migration in the energy book specifically?
Jerry Host - President, CEO
Preeti, I'd like Barry Harvey to give you a little bit more detail on that.
Barry Harvey - Chief Credit Officer
Okay, I'd be glad to Jerry. Preeti, I guess, just starting off, our energy book is of a reasonable size and we feel positive about it while not being oblivious obviously to what's going on in the marketplace. So we view these credits from a working capital/non-working capital perspective in terms of how we categorize them and then how we risk rate them and how we reserve for them. So that's kind of a little bit of a backdrop to kind of how we view the portfolio at this point. And the reason that is the case is because of the mix we do have.
And from an exposure standpoint, we've got upstream, which is going to be about $2.9 million, basically nonexistent. We've got a few consulting companies who operate in that space, but as far as, as Jerry indicated earlier, as far as actually getting repaid by based on what's in the ground or lending on what's in the ground, that's not the case.
On the midstream, we are about $171 million worth of exposure, which makes up about 41% of our entire energy book. Downstream, we are about $52 million, which makes up about 12% of our energy book. And then oilfield services, we are $190 million, which makes up about 46% of our entire energy book.
From a balance standpoint, upstream is $1.3 million, midstream is $78 million, downstream is $13 million, oil services is $120 million, making up the total of $212 million worth of outstandings in the energy book.
Preeti Dixit - Analyst
Okay, that's really helpful. And then any color on downward credit migration in the quarter?
Barry Harvey - Chief Credit Officer
Sure. We had one credit coming out of the oilfield services category that was material that we migrated down from a past category and then -- but that was the only change during the quarter. We've got a -- like every bank does I know, we've got a very detailed process by which we are obtaining interim financial statements, spreading those statements, analyzing them, seeing what they are telling us, looking to see, getting the monthly borrowing bases for the working capital credits and recalculating those borrowing bases, looking to see if we have breaches. Obviously, if we do, addressing those with the customers.
Even more forward-looking, we are getting projections from the customers on a regular basis, comparing those to the actuals when we get them in, looking to see if any of their projections would lead to a covenant break in the future, addressing that as it presents itself. So we are trying to be as proactive in dealing with our operating companies, and that's what our energy exposure is. It is made up of operating companies, whether it be working capital or non-working capital.
Preeti Dixit - Analyst
Okay, that's really helpful. Do you have the reserve broken out for what it is on the energy book? I'm just trying to triangulate the pressure we are seeing likely on services companies as E&P companies cut CapEx and maybe how that would impact your reserving going forward if you think there's going to be upward pressure on the overall reserve ratio.
Barry Harvey - Chief Credit Officer
We have not specifically taken our energy book out from a reserving perspective and handled it separately, so it is part of our overall reserving process. And like I indicated earlier, it's more based upon the category it falls in, working capital, non-working capital. And that drives, along with the risk rating, how we actually reserve. But we've not broken that out and we've not presented that information separately at this point. If we see a further deterioration in our book over time, we will be quick to carve that portfolio out, establish any specific reserving unique to it that is necessary, but we've not done so it to this point.
To your other question regarding CapEx, obviously what we saw, as everybody did, in the early part of 2015, when the downturn started in the fourth quarter of 2014 and moved on into 2015, we saw a very, very quick reaction by all of our customers to cut variable expenses everywhere they could. And of course CapEx is a big part of that, both in 2015 and of course CapEx is fairly nonexistent in 2016 and in 2016 projections.
Preeti Dixit - Analyst
Okay, very helpful color there. And just switching gears to expenses, obviously a great story there this year. You've been able to hold expenses pretty flat despite the investments you've been making. Maybe some color on how you think 2016 shapes up in light of any additional investment spend?
Louis Greer - Treasurer, Principal Financial Officer
Preeti, this is Louis Greer. Certainly, you hit a good point. We kept our core expenses in 2015 very flat at $389 million. As we go into 2016, as you look at our salary and benefit line item, you can see that it slightly went up about $3.5 million this year. That's strictly pertaining to expenses related to our cap. I'll let you know that we reduced our headcount during 2015 $119 million as a result of continued consolidation of branches as well as the utilization of the technology that Jerry mentioned. We are focused on continuing to do that throughout 2016, and we expect that we could hopefully keep our core expenses relatively flat in 2016. I'll give you a range of about $97 million to $98 million as a run rate potentially for 2016.
Jerry Host - President, CEO
And I'll add a little color. This is Jerry. We have talked within the Corporation --
Louis Greer - Treasurer, Principal Financial Officer
Oh excuse me, associates.
Jerry Host - President, CEO
We've talked within the Corporation about the changes overall in the economy, the challenges of a continued low interest rate environment, and obviously what's happened in the stock market, the impact overall. And so there is very much a focus on utilizing the technology spends that we've made over the last five years to improve overall efficiency and process in the Company while really at the same time maintaining a focus on how we can better serve our customers, when they want it, where they want it. And that means we have to realign the delivery channels within the Company. If you do it too quickly, I think you risk losing relationships. You do it at the right speed, as is reflected in some of the statements we made earlier about the number of offices we've consolidated while at the same time opening new offices in areas that that we think provide us some real advantage. And staying focused on those areas within our footprint that provide growth in hiring loan officers, relationship managers that can help us grow are all things that we have to do to keep the Company strong, viable, and continue with earnings growth.
Louis Greer - Treasurer, Principal Financial Officer
And Preeti, I meant to say 119 associates versus $119 million. A small correction and Joey pointed that out to me. I said million instead of associates or full-time equivalents. So I apologize for that.
Preeti Dixit - Analyst
Understood, understood. Thank you for taking my questions. That was great.
Operator
(Operator Instructions). Catherine Mealor, KBW.
Catherine Mealor - Analyst
I just wanted to follow-up on Preeti's energy questions. Just one more for you. It's if you think about the portfolio, have you done any -- I know you don't break out the reserve, but have you done any stress testing in that portfolio into distressed, what could happen in that portfolio if oil prices remain at these current levels for a lot longer time, what level of provisioning we could see in that kind of scenario?
Barry Harvey - Chief Credit Officer
Catherine, this is Barry. Let me address that a couple of ways. We have looked at our portfolio, one, to determine the correlation with the oil prices and their particular services they are providing. When you look, for example, obviously when you look at our portfolio mix, the area of most interest is going to be the -- since we are not in the upstream is going to be the oil field services where we've got about 46% of our exposure. When you look at that, about 78% of our outstandings in the oil services area are not related to drilling. They are related to providing services, whether it's vessel services, whether it's air transportation to producing wells. So, from that perspective, there is a correlation undoubtedly between how our portfolio performs and the commodity price. But some of it is a little less directly related. So we've gone in and tried to understand what's the correlation and from there we've looked to see how is the portfolio performing?
And when you talk about the portfolio overall, let me give you a couple of performance measures that I think might be indicative of how things are going thus far. And we're talking most of our customers are going to be calendar year end. So when you look at the last nine months or the nine months during 2015, you can see that the great, great majority, almost all of our borrowers, have positive EBITDA during the first nine months of 2015. And then a large portion of our -- the same customers during the first nine months of 2015 have a fixed charge coverage of 1.1 or greater. So, they've got room for some further deterioration. We fully expect their revenues to continue to be stressed. They've done a lot of the expense reduction that can be done, so it's going to continue to be a squeezing process. But nonetheless we feel good about where we are today knowing that, as things deteriorate, we will need to be quick to change our grades, reserve more for these credits and move forward. And if we have, eventually have some nonperforming loans, we'll have to impair those and write them down to value through the normal process.
Catherine Mealor - Analyst
Okay, great. That's really helpful. And one thing on the margin, how should we think about the margin going forward? I guess one is a scenario, we get a couple of rate hikes this year or maybe more likely that we remain in a lower for longer rate scenario? How are you thinking about further NIM, core NIM pressure off of this 3.40% level? Thanks.
Jerry Host - President, CEO
Catherine, I'm going to ask Tom Owens to answer that. We have done a lot of work and we, as you would imagine, have incorporated that into our DFAS testing. But Tom, if you would kind of add a little color.
Tom Owens - Bank Treasurer
So, Catherine, our guidance there really is unchanged at this point. You know ,we've given guidance that we would expect low single-digit percentage compression in core net interest margin year-over-year.
If you look at fourth quarter of 2015 versus fourth quarter of 2014, and bearing in mind that there is some noise in each of those quarters from the yield maintenance payments in the investment portfolio, year-ago margin adjusted for that was 3.47% approximately. Fourth-quarter 2015 adjusted for that is 3.40%. So that's about 7 basis points compression year-over-year. That's about 2% percentage compression encore net interest margin. We would expect that to be the case going forward.
You know, obviously, to your question about perhaps what happens if the Fed continues to tighten versus continued low for long, it's interesting. You look at it, the yield curve has actually flatten the somewhat since the Fed tightened in mid-December. That is obviously not helpful. At the same time, the increase in the Fed funds rate and therefore the increase in yields on floating-rate loans, that in itself is helpful.
I think the big wildcard is what happens with deposit costs going forward.
So you've got a couple of dynamics there that could go either way which obviously is why I think, for the time being, the prudent thing to do is continue to sort of stick to the guidance. But again, I think you see it in the numbers. We continue to believe that growth in core earning assets of mid to high single digits will more than offset the low single-digit percentage compression in core net interest margin so that you look core net interest income year-over-year should continue to rise.
Catherine Mealor - Analyst
Okay. Very helpful. Thank you.
Operator
(Operator Instructions). Showing no additional questions, this will conclude our question-and-answer session. I'd like to turn the conference back over to Mr. Jerry Host for any closing remarks.
Jerry Host - President, CEO
Thank you operator. And I'd like to just thank everyone for joining us today and for your interest in Trustmark. We look forward to providing you with an update on the Company at our second-quarter 2016 call. This now concludes our call.
Operator
The conference is now concluded. Thank you for attending today's presentation. You may now disconnect.