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Operator
Good morning, ladies and gentlemen and welcome to the fourth quarter 2016 Simpson Manufacturing Company, Inc. earnings conference call.
In this conference call the company may discuss forward-looking statements such as future plans and events. Forward-looking statements, like any prediction of future events, are subject to factors which may vary and actual results might differ materially from these statements. Some of such factors and cautionary statements are discussed in the Company's public filings and reports. Those reports are available on the SEC's or the company's website.
Please note today's call may be recorded.
Now I would like to turn the conference over to Tom Fitzmyers. Please proceed.
Tom Fitzmyers - Vice Chairman
Thanks, everyone. Good morning and welcome to the Simpson Manufacturing Company, Inc's fourth quarter 2016 earnings call.
Our earnings press release was issued yesterday and it is available on our website at simpsonmfg.com. Today's call is also being webcast in and a replay of that webcast will be available on our website. As usual joining me for today's call are Karen Colonias, Simpson's CEO and Brian Magstadt, Simpson's CFO.
I will start followed by Karen and Brian and then we will be delighted to take your questions. North America had a good sales quarter, up 9% compared to last year based on an increase in housing starts and construction activity in most of the region.
The price increase in the U.S. also contributed to the growth. Our European sales were up 1.4% compared to last Q4 net of a negative foreign exchange effect of approximately 4%.
North America operating profits were up $4.1 million due to increased gross profits that were partially offset by increased operating expenses. Europe was down $1.8 million against last year due primarily to professional fees associated with acquisitions. However, Asia/Pac improved $1.2 million due to improved gross profits as well as costs recorded last year related to the wind down of the Asia sales offices, which did not recur this year.
We continue to have a very strong financial position which gives us flexibility and the capability to continue investing in our long-term strategy and returning capital to shareholders. Before I turn the call over to Karen, I also wanted to mention that our Board of Directors has declared a quarterly dividend of $0.18 per share available in April. We also have a Board authorized share repurchase program with a balance of about $70 million, which expires at the end of 2017.
We did not repurchase any additional shares in the fourth quarter, but in 2016 we returned $86 million to shareholders through dividends and share repurchases. This significantly exceeds our stated target of 50% of cash flows from operations. Our cash flows from operations was approximately $95 million in 2016.
Karen?
Karen Colonias - President, CEO
Thanks, Tom.
I'd like to begin by starting and congratulating Tom on his fantastic career at Simpson. Tom joined the Company in 1978 and was instrumental in shaping and growing our business, including taking the company public in 1994.
He also greatly influenced our company culture, what we fondly call our secret sauce. Barc often credited Tom for much of the Company's success and was quick to point out his many contributions and leadership. Tom served as President for a number of years and in 1994 became CEO.
Since 2012 Tom has served on the Board of Directors as Chairman and most recently as Vice Chairman. Thanks, Tom, we certainly appreciate all your no equal service to Simpson Strong-Tie.
In January we acquired CG Visions, an established Indiana based company providing BIM, technology services, and consultation to the U.S. residential building industry. BIM stands for building information modeling. This acquisition enabled Simpson Strong-Tie to build closer partnerships with builders by offering software and services to help them control their costs and increase efficiencies at all stages of the home building process, including design, estimation, selling, and construction.
CG Visions provides to a number of the top 100 U.S. mid-size to large production builders. They provide services and consultation using open industry BIM platforms such as AutoCAD, REVIT and VERTEX BD. They have also developed multiple software tools that simplify and enhance these platforms. Additionally, we will look for opportunities to incorporate our products into these BIM packages and apply CG Visions' expertise to our existing and future software initiative.
We also acquired Gunnebo Fasteners AB, one of Europe's leading manufacturers of fastening solutions. Headquartered in Gunnebo, Sweden. Founded in 1764, Gunnebo Fastening Systems has specialized in design and manufacturing unique and innovative fastening solutions for structural application and corrosive environments.
Gunnebo Fastening Systems provides Simpson Strong-Tie with a complete line of European approved. CE marked structural fasteners, unique fastening dimensioning software for wood applications, and Gunnebo teams' in-depth expertise in product development and testing. As well as proficiency in fastener manufacturing, surface treatment, and painting. The geographic footprint of Gunnebo and its great brand recognition enables us to develop and extend distribution in other Nordic countries.
We are continuing work on our manufacturing efficiency program and our SAP rollout and will give updates on these projects as the year progresses. Truss sales, although small, were up 16% over 2015. Our truss specialists continued to represent and -- our truss design and manufacturing software and are working on converting additional customers in 2017. As a reminder our current future set allows us the approach about one third of the U.S. market. I'd now like to turn the call over to Brian who shares some additional financial information.
Brian Magstadt - CFO
Thanks, Karen.
The gross margin on wood increased to 48% up from 45% last Q4 and the concrete products increased to 32% up from 29% last Q4, both on increased sales. The wood product gross margin also benefited from the price increase I mentioned earlier.
Those factors led to a Q4 2016 consolidated gross margin of 47%, up from Q4 last year of 45%. As noted in the press release, we believe the estimated consolidated gross margin will be in the 46.5% to 47.5% range for 2017. Total operating expenses of R&D, engineering, selling and ADMIN, as a percent of sales, were up about 160 basis points in the quarter compared to last year as the company had increased legal and professional fees, as the company works to deliver on its long-term strategic initiatives, as well as the other items noted in the press release.
Also cash profit sharing on higher operating income and other personnel costs contributed. Regarding taxes, the tax rate of 33% for this Q4 is down from 34% last Q4 primarily related to lower foreign losses and a tax law change in the U.S. related to foreign currency translation of foreign branches.
Those were offset by the R&D tax credit, which was made permanent at the end of 2015, but was recognized throughout the quarters of 2016. We believe the annual effective of tax rate for 2017 will be between 36% and 37% based on current information. Q4 2016 CapEx was $12.1 million, primarily for improvement from the new chemical facility that we announced last year, as well as our Texas facility expansion.
We've also invested in manufacturing equipment and software development. Total 2016 CapEx is approximately $42 million. For 2017, depreciation and amortization expense was expected to be between $30 million and $32 million.
Depreciation is at $25 million to $27 million. 2017 CapEx is expected to be in the range of $50 million to $55 million and includes finishing the two facilities noted earlier and assumes all projects are completed by the year 2017.
Before we turn it over to questions, I'd like to remind you that if you'd like further information, please contact Tom at the phone number listed on the press release. Also look for our annual report on form 10-K to be filed at the end of February.
We'd like to now open it up to your questions.
Operator
Thank you. (Operator Instructions) we'll go first to the line of Daniel Moore from CJS Securities. Please go ahead.
Daniel Moore - Analyst
Good morning, and I just want to say Tom, thank you, obviously, for all your help over the years. It's greatly appreciated.
Tom Fitzmyers - Vice Chairman
Thanks.
Daniel Moore - Analyst
I wanted to focus a little on G&A. For the full year up 14%, if I look at the $129 million of spend this year, how much of that, if any, would you consider non-recurring and maybe just the key puts and takes that are likely to drive G&A expense either higher or lower next year?
Brian Magstadt - CFO
Hi, Dan, it's Brian. As we noted, we had spent some professional fees in relation to the acquisitions of due diligence and attorneys and other advisors. Those are deal-specific.
But as we've noted and we've got a strategic initiative to grow in certain areas, so although I can't predict if and when those will repeat, I would expect that as we continue to look for those opportunities that we would have some of those. As we noted, we had some software project write-offs in the year. I wouldn't expect those to repeat.
And we've done some work around shareholder engagement and some of the efforts that resulted from that. So working with advisors on compensation programs, governance, and, you know, I don't know how much of that would repeat. But hard to predict.
Daniel Moore - Analyst
And can you quantify the soft write-off, if it's in there and I missed it I apologize, and the shareholder engagement in ballpark terms for this year?
Brian Magstadt - CFO
Yes. Let's see. $4.2 million on the write-offs.
Daniel Moore - Analyst
Yes.
Brian Magstadt - CFO
Decreases of $4.2 million and I don't have a precise number on the shareholder engagement numbers.
Daniel Moore - Analyst
Okay.
Brian Magstadt - CFO
Yes.
Daniel Moore - Analyst
And then just wanted to focus on the acquisitions for a moment. You mentioned Gunnebo likely to be dilutive for the next year or two. What is the magnitude of the integration you expect to incur in 2017 and maybe just talk about the revenue end or cost synergies that you hope to generate over time.
Brian Magstadt - CFO
Why don't you take the revenue --.
Karen Colonias - President, CEO
Yes. Let me give you a -- while Brian is looking up the integration. So the interesting thing about Gunnebo, I think if you looked at them, they got the got the same product line that we currently have at Simpson.
They are a manufacturer of nails and screws. Currently they buy their connector line from one of our competitors in Sweden. Sweden and Norway are interesting because they build with wood a residential house, very similar to how we build in the U.S.
So it's a great market for more use of our connectors and our fasteners and the Gunnebo name, obviously, is very well-known in the Swedish and Norway markets.
So we are looking to be able to take their expertise in fasteners and bring that fasteners into France and Germany, the UK and our other European locations while taking our connector line and really expanding that connector business in Sweden and Norway. Certainly there is some work to do on the integration. We have not only our European Director, but also our lead person of fasteners helping out on this integration and we think within a couple years, two to three years, that we'll see some pretty positive results from that acquisition, again, expanding our connector line in Sweden and Norway, which we have a very small percentage of today and also expanding that fastener line through our sets through the rest of Europe.
Brian Magstadt - CFO
And, Dan, this is Brian, on the integration costs, I would say for 2017, it would be about $1 million, $2 million.
Daniel Moore - Analyst
Got it. And then lastly, on CG Visions, including amortization and purchase accounting, you expect that to be dilutive to 2017 and if so, maybe by how much in rough terms?
Brian Magstadt - CFO
We don't have those yet. As you saw in the press release, we had some management supplied reports of some cooperating income. But with the purchase accounting and the amortization of intangibles or the like, too early to tell at this point.
There will be some expenses associated with purchase accounting acquired intangible assets. But we don't have those yet.
Daniel Moore - Analyst
Okay. Lastly, on that one, any incremental investment that you anticipate making to enhance that product?
Karen Colonias - President, CEO
No. On CG Visions, it's really their technical expertise with our relationships that we currently have with all those builders, both large and mid-size builders. So it's really working on that introduction and, of course, getting our products into some of those BIM models.
But we don't see a lot of additional costs associated with that.
Daniel Moore - Analyst
Okay. Thank you for the color.
Karen Colonias - President, CEO
Thanks.
Operator
And as a (Operator Instructions) we'll go next to the line of Josh Chan with Baird. Please go ahead.
Josh Chan - Analyst
Good morning. Congratulations, Tom and hello, Karen and Brian.
Karen Colonias - President, CEO
Good morning, Josh.
Josh Chan - Analyst
Good morning. Just have a question on demand in North America. Just interested to hear how you think the quarter trended versus your expectations in Q4 and then rolling into Q1, there is a tough comparison versus the warm winter last year. So any thoughts on whether you can kind of continue sales growth in Q1?
Karen Colonias - President, CEO
Well, I think a couple interesting points, you know, Q4 we did have a price increase that went into effect December first and that tends to accelerate a little bit of the purchases as some of our customers sort of beat that price increase. As we look at first quarter, we certainly had a very dry first quarter and as it's pouring down rain here currently, certainly I think January was one of the wettest months, at least in the California history in quite a long time.
So I think it's going to be a difficult, as you mentioned last year was a fairly mild winter, the grounds are fairly saturated here, at least on the west coast and unless you've got your foundations in, you would have a very difficult time right now even trying to dig for a foundation. So I think your point is very accurate that it's going to be a pretty tough comparison in Q1 versus last year's Q1.
Josh Chan - Analyst
Okay. That's definitely understandable. And so on the price increase, what is the magnitude of that and do you think that that would be enough to offset the steel headwinds that you might potentially see in 2017?
Karen Colonias - President, CEO
Yes. The impact in Q4 was $2 million on the price increase. We always try and put the price increase, obviously, to help us offset the impact of the increase steel.
But as you can imagine, it's kind of a staggered process on how those increases are accepted. So we'll get a little bit better feel on how that filters out here probably in Q1. And I think as you see in the reports, we still have steel I would say kind of unstable as we look at what's going on in the steel industry.
So we watch it very carefully, but we do put in what we think will cover the steel increase and again, it's staggered the way those price increases are accepted.
Josh Chan - Analyst
And then on the operating expenses, do you have a view on whether -- how that growth might compare to sales growth in 2017, kind of namely do you expect to leverage operating expenses next year?
Karen Colonias - President, CEO
Yes, I think we're in good shape on all of our business units to be able to take advantage of increased revenue with not additional need for both either people or code reports or any of the other locations that happen from an operating expense. So I think we would anticipate that we should not be adding operating expenses to cover additional sales.
Josh Chan - Analyst
Last question from me. In terms of the software write-off, wonder if you have any more color on that and would that be expected to kind of continue in future quarters?
Brian Magstadt - CFO
Hi, Josh, it's Brian. So no, I wouldn't expect that to continue in future quarters. We had a couple of projects that we had been working on over the last couple of years and decided to and basically discontinue those projects and write off the capitalized portion of the software development, the internal software development or external software development cost. So I wouldn't expect those to recur.
Josh Chan - Analyst
Good quarter and thanks for the time, guys.
Karen Colonias - President, CEO
Thanks, Josh.
Brian Magstadt - CFO
Thanks, Josh.
Operator
Okay. (Operator Instructions). At this time it appears we have no further questions. I'd like to hand it over to the board for any closing remarks.
Karen Colonias - President, CEO
Thanks, everybody. Appreciate your time.
Brian Magstadt - CFO
Thank you.
Tom Fitzmyers - Vice Chairman
Thanks.
Operator
We'd like to thank everybody for their participation on today's conference call. Please feel free to disconnect your line at any time.