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Operator
At this time, I would like to welcome everyone to the International Flavors & Fragrances fourth-quarter and full-year 2013 earnings conference call. (Operator Instructions).
I would now like to introduce Shelley Young, Director of Investor Relations. You may begin.
Shelley Young - Director IR
Thank you. Good morning and good afternoon, everyone, and welcome to IFF's fourth-quarter and full-year 2013 conference call.
Earlier today, we issued a press release announcing our fourth-quarter and full-year 2013 financial results. A copy of the release can be found on our website at IFF.com. Please note that this call is being recorded live and will be available for replay on our website.
Before turning the call over to Doug Tough and our senior management team, I'd like to read our forward-looking statements. Please keep in mind that during this call, we will be making forward-looking statements about the Company's performance, particularly with regard to the fourth quarter and full year 2013 and our outlook for 2014. These statements are based on how we see things today and contain elements of uncertainty.
For additional information concerning factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from forward-looking statements, please refer to our cautionary statement and risk factors contained in our 2012 10-K, filed on February 26, 2013, and our press release that we filed this morning, all of which are available on our website.
Today's presentation will include non-GAAP financial measures, which exclude those items that we believe affect comparability. A reconciliation of these non-GAAP financial measures to their respective GAAP measures is set forth in our press release that we issued earlier today and is on our website.
For those of you who are new to our conference calls, I would like to introduce the participants on today's call. With me on the call is Doug Tough, our Chairman and CEO; Nicolas Mirzayantz, our President of Fragrances; Hernan Vaisman, our President of Flavors; and Kevin Berryman, our Executive Vice President and CFO.
Now, I would like to turn the call over to Doug Tough.
Doug Tough - Chairman, CEO
Thank you, Shelley, and good morning and good afternoon to everyone.
Our focus on the call this morning is to provide an overview of our fourth-quarter and full-year operating performance, give you an update on our strategy, take you through a review of each of our business units, and provide our current outlook for 2014. After the prepared remarks, we will have some time for questions.
Now I would like to provide you with an overview of our performance in quarter four of 2013. Our local currency sales growth in Q4 was 7% and reflects strong growth in both our flavors and fragrances business units.
The emerging markets grew at 11%, which is the highest quarterly growth rate achieved this year. On a consolidated basis, the emerging markets grew at five times the level of the developed markets in the quarter, and 50% of our sales were to the emerging markets.
The overall growth was supported by positive volume on existing business and a steady level of new business wins, reflecting the collaboration among our creative, research and development, and consumer insights teams to provide our customers with products that will continue to delight their consumers.
At the same time, we achieved continued margin expansion, which was supported by a moderate decline in our input costs and the many strategic initiatives that we have discussed all year, including productivity savings, mix, and volume leverage. As previously forecast, in the quarter there was no material impact related to the exit of low-margin sales activities in flavors.
As a result of the strong volume growth, combined with continued margin improvements, we were able to grow our adjusted operating profit by 13%, even as we invested close to 10% of our sales in R&D and absorbed costs related to increased incentive compensation expense.
As a result, earnings per share increased by 11% to $0.92, and for the full year, our EPS increased by 12% to $4.46.
In summary, all of our key growth metrics, including local currency sales growth, adjusted operating profit, and adjusted earnings per share, grew above our long-term targets. We are especially pleased with this strong performance, given the very strong Q4 results of last year that we were comparing to.
The strong end to the year in Q4 has capped an excellent year of performance in 2013, especially when noting the still volatile global economic environment. We achieved local currency growth of 5%, and adjusting for the exit of low-margin sales activities in the flavors business earlier in the year, we achieved like-for-like sales growth of 6% for the full year. This is the fourth consecutive year that we have achieved growth of at least 4% to 6%, and over the past five years, we have grown at a compound annual growth rate of 5% plus, at the higher end of our long-term growth target of 4% to 6%.
Our topline growth continues to benefit from our geographic footprint, our focus on innovation, and our ability to use our core expertise to provide our customers with creative healing products that their consumers enjoy.
Our strategy is grounded in three strategic pillars and benefits from product diversification, and we believe the diversity of our business leads to greater stability and consistency of earnings. The vast majority of the products we make are those essentials that consumers consider part of their everyday lives, and that gives us confidence that consumers will use our customers' products in good times and in challenging times.
Benefiting from the leverage in our P&L, our 5% increase in local currency sales resulted in adjusted operating profit growth of 11% and an EPS improvement of 12%. All of our profit metrics were above our long-term growth targets of 7% to 9% on adjusted operating profit growth and 10% adjusted EPS.
At IFF, we have a well-articulated growth strategy that we believe will enable us to achieve our desired goal of profitable growth. I will briefly comment on our progress against our three-pillar strategy. Here is the progress we have made in executing our strategy over the past year.
Emerging markets accounted for 50% of our sales in the fourth quarter, the first time ever the emerging markets have represented 50% of our sales in any quarter. For the full year, emerging markets represented 49% of sales.
We opened our flavors manufacturing facility in Guangzhou, China, and expanded our laboratories in Isando, South Africa, and Hilversum, the Netherlands. We continue to expand our facility in Gebze, Turkey, which will open in the first half of 2015. We have already completed Phase 1 of the expansion. The new complex will include additional capacity and a new creative and application center for the developing markets of central and eastern Europe, the Middle East, and Africa.
We announced construction of a new creative and applications laboratory at our existing facility in Jakarta, Indonesia, as well as a new manufacturing facility on the outskirts of Jakarta. Our capital investments in new capacity, technology, and creative and application laboratories in Singapore, China, Turkey, and Indonesia will approximate $250 million.
Turning to innovation, we have accelerated the introduction of new molecules on both sides of the house to provide our perfumers and our flavorists with a broader palette from which to choose and provide them molecules that are high performing and cost effective.
We are developing the next generation our proprietary encapsulation capsules for use in new applications, such as hair and personal wash, in addition to fabric care. We are continuing to invest in biotechnology and are either on plan or ahead of plan regarding our biotechnology partnership initiatives with Amyris and Evolva.
And earlier in 2014, we acquired Aromor, a privately-held manufacturer and marketer of complex specialty ingredients that are used in fragrances and flavors with strong R&D capabilities. We are very excited about their portfolio of cost-effective specialty molecules, which will complement our existing ingredient portfolio and provide a better array of molecules to our perfumers.
In short, our commitment has never been stronger to innovation, as evidenced by the fact that over the last three years we have increased our basic R&D expenditures by over 40%, for a compound annual growth rate of nearly 13%. We are investing for the short, medium, and long term.
We are a commercial enterprise that continues to focus on finding ways to enhance our returns to provide more value to our shareholders. And we have made continued progress regarding our third strategic pillar, maximizing our portfolio. More specifically, this included the exit of $60 million of low-margin sales activities in the flavors over the past six quarters, which further enhanced our consolidated margins by over 40 basis points. We have enhanced many internal process disciplines, such as our cost-to-serve and our go-to-market models that make our processes more efficient and better align our resources with commercial opportunities.
Economic profit continues to expand within the organization and continues to provide a foundation for our disciplined approach to both investment and evaluation of business progress. Today, we believe our return on invested capital is the highest in the industry at 18.3%, and importantly, we improved the economic profit profile of our portfolio. Today, 94% of our portfolio is now economically neutral or positive, versus 65% in 2010.
With that, I would like to turn the call over to Nicolas Mirzayantz, our Group President of Fragrances.
Nicolas Mirzayantz - Group President Fragrances
Thank you, Doug. Good morning and good afternoon, everyone.
2013 was a strong year for fragrance, building on the developing momentum we achieved in the second half of 2012. Fragrance delivered solid topline growth in every quarter, due to a consistently high level of growth from new business wins, combined with lower erosion on the base business.
We increased [co-lease] participation with global, as well as regional, customers. We ended the year with record levels of revenue. We improved our product portfolio and we're better positioned for future growth.
Turning to fourth-quarter results, the fragrance business unit achieved strong local currency growth of 7%, which was on top of the 13% growth achieved in the fourth quarter of 2012. Our fragrance compound business had local currency growth of 9%, which more than offset a decline of 3% in ingredients due to the transition of some of volume from ingredients to compounds. Excluding the transition, ingredients will have been positive for the second consecutive quarter.
We are seeing continued signs of stabilization in our fragrance ingredients business and believe the steps we have taken to reduce cost, while increasing the specialty segment of the portfolio, will improve our Company disposition and increase our win rate in fragrance compounds.
Fragrance compound growth of 9% in this quarter is on top of the 15% growth seen in the year-ago quarter and was supported by a strong level of new wins in every category and every region. Our new business wins in 2013 are a testament to our innovation and go-to-market capabilities and show great collaboration on the part of our consumer insight, sales, and creative teams.
The emerging markets continued to be a strong growth driver and accounted for 52% of fragrance compound sales. These markets grew at 9% and accounted for approximately 60% of the growth in the fragrance business this quarter. In fragrance compounds, all region had a very strong momentum. Greater Asia had 16% growth, followed by EAME with 11% growth. Latin America grew by 7%, totaling a 27% growth in the prior year, and North America also experienced positive growth.
Fine and beauty care had growth of 9%, on top of 17% in the prior-year quarter, with 24% growth in EAME and 12% growth in greater Asia. The fastest-growing subcategory was fine fragrance, led by double-digit growth in EAME.
Growth of 10% in functional fragrance, on top of 10% growth in the prior-year quarter, was driven by double-digit growth in fabric care. Home care and personal wash had solid growth, supported by strong results in Latin America and North America.
Turning to fragrance ingredients, we made a lot of progress this year in reshaping our portfolio and reorienting the business for growth. Earlier in the year, we made the announcement that we will close our Augusta manufacturing facility. We have also made progress with our investment with our biotech partner Amyris, reaching milestones faster than originally expected.
In mid-January, we announced the acquisition of Aromor, which has been a supplier to IFF of specialty ingredients over the past several years. And I will provide additional insights on Aromor at the end of my presentation.
On a full-year basis, fragrance revenues grew 6% on both a reported and local currency basis. Fragrance compounds grew by 8%, equally balanced between fine and beauty care and functional fragrance, due to our creation capabilities, combined with our consumer insights and research and development teams.
Fine and beauty care grew 8% with growth in every subcategory. Both fine fragrance and hair had high single-digit growth, due to strong growth in the emerging markets. Toiletries also had solid growth, due to strong growth in the emerging market as well. Functional fragrance grew by 8%, in large part due to double-digit growth in fabric care, which was supported by our encapsulation technology.
The momentum in ingredients has improved throughout the year, and we believe we have stabilized the business. All of the softness in the topline in the second half of 2013 was due to the transition of some volume from ingredients to compound. If we exclude this volume, ingredients will have seen positive growth in the second half of the year and flat for the full year.
Turning to profitability, the 7% sales growth, when combined with gross margin improvements due to both a net benefit of pricing versus input costs, as well as our many strategic and productivity initiatives, translated to operating profit growth of 16%, or $9 million. The improved profitability more than offset increased R&D and incentive compensation expenses.
Our segment profit as a percent of sales increased 110 basis points over the prior year and was driven by moderating input costs, but still remaining at elevated levels, productivity initiatives, and volume and manufacturing leverage.
Turning to the full year, fragrance local currency sales growth of 6%, when combined with gross margin improvements and cost discipline, resulted in segment profit growth of 19% to $283 million. The segment profit as a percent of sales increased 200 basis points from 16.5% to 18.5% as a result of the same factors that partially impacted Q4 results.
Looking ahead, on the heels of a very strong Q4, we expect to see growth more in line with our long-term targets and more moderate than our growth in the fourth quarter. Although our ingredient business have turned the corner and we're expecting positive growth in Q1, we're expecting our fragrance compound growth to be more moderate than our growth in the fourth quarter. That said, we are tightly controlling our costs and expect to see operating-profit improvement.
In the last six months, we introduced three new substantive fragrance molecules through our creative teams, and we're ending the year with a strong pipeline of new ingredients.
Before turning the call over to Hernan Vaisman, I wanted to provide some additional insights on our recently announced acquisition. As you may know, on January 16, 2014, we announced the acquisition of Aromor, a privately-held manufacturer and marketer of complex specialty ingredients. We have been buying specialty ingredients from Aromor for many years.
The acquisition brings numerous benefits to IFF. We have been evaluating our ingredient business and looking to augment the specialty segment of our portfolio. Aromor's portfolio of specialty molecules is very complementary to our portfolio. At the same time, it strengthens the portfolio and positions us for stronger and more profitable growth in fragrance compounds.
Aromor has a very strong organization of world-class chemists. They have strong expertise and knowledge and know-how, and we will be investing in their R&D capabilities for future growth.
Creatively, we will be able to provide Aromor specialty ingredients to our perfumers, who will have an expanded palette of cost-advantaged molecules, which will enable them to increase our win rates. Aromor has a strong financial profile. They have been growing quickly to $35 million of pro forma sales in 2013. They will, therefore, add 1 percentage point of growth to our 2014 revenue growth.
Due to the specialty nature of their portfolio, their EBITDA margins are in line with our own and are expected to be accretive to our EPS in 2014.
We are excited to welcome the entire Aromor team to IFF, and we're looking forward to be working with them to strengthen our ingredient platforms. We are very pleased to announce this transaction, and believe it will be value enhancing to our fragrance compound business and will strengthen our portfolio of and leadership in fragrance ingredients.
Now, I would like to turn the call over to Hernan Vaisman, our Group President for Flavors.
Hernan Vaisman - Group President Flavors
Thank you, Nicolas. Good morning and good afternoon, everyone.
Flavors finished the year strong with another solid quarter of positive growth of 7%. This marks our 32nd consecutive quarter of local currency sales growth and our fourth consecutive year of growth in the range of 6% to 9%.
Emerging markets, up double digit, made the biggest contribution to our growth and accounted for 53% of total sales in the fourth quarter. This growth was led by Latin America, which I will discuss in a minute. Sales growth benefited both from a solid level of new business wins, as well as sales growth from existing businesses. This quarter, there was no material impact on our sales related to the exit of low-margin sales activities.
Looking at our growth on a regional basis, Latin America had strong double-digit growth of 19%. EAME grew by 13% and greater Asia, our largest region, increased by 9%. The growth from these regions more than offset a decline in North America of 8%, due in part to strong new launches last year in beverage and a very challenging comparable of 15% like-for-like growth in Q4 2012.
We are very pleased with our strong performance in Latin America this quarter, where we experienced new business wins in the beverage and sweet, primarily driven by our delivery systems, our proprietary FlavorFit portfolio of health and wellness solutions, and new molecules from our citrus platform.
On the category basis, all our categories experienced growth. Savory, beverage, and sweet all experienced mid to high single-digit growth, and dairy, although not as high, was positive. We continue to work with all our customers to provide creative solutions that results in long-lasting business for IFF. Customers appreciate our creative expertise and our ability to translate trends into winning products.
Turning to the full year, our local currency sales growth was 4%, and excluding the impact of the exit of low-margin sales activities, our full-year growth was 6%. This year, we exited approximately $25 million of low-margin business, resulting in an improvement to our portfolio and a 40 basis-point impact to our margins. Emerging market had growth of approximately 9%, or nearly twice the level of the developed market, which had solid growth of approximately 5%, excluding the exit of low-margin sales activities.
The emerging markets made the biggest contribution to our -- to 2013 growth, and especially our customers in China, Indonesia, Argentina, and Thailand. The contribution to growth in these markets validates our decision to build capacity in these important markets, which continue to provide a runway for growth for many years to come.
Over the past year, we successfully opened a new state-of-the-art facility in Guangzhou, China. We continue to expand our facility in Gebze, Turkey, and announced a $50 million investment in a new manufacturing and creative facility in Indonesia. This investment expressed the Company's commitment to provide innovative product solutions and ensure rapid supply to our customers in these markets. And we are committed to further expanding our strong presence and capabilities in the emerging markets.
That said, we believe the potential in the developed markets for flavors is just as high, if not higher, than the emerging markets. We're working with our customers in these more mature markets to provide them with products that will appeal to the consumers, such as our expanded FlavorFit portfolio that provides innovative approaches to address the challenges of health and wellness trends.
During the year, we experienced a consistent and strong level of new business wins, reflecting the strong level of innovation in the business. In order to train the next generation of flavorists, we also launched our flavor school.
Turning to our profitability, flavors gross margins continued to expand, due to the net impact of price versus input costs and other strategic initiatives. When combined with the volume gains this quarter, it resulted in 12% segment operating profit growth, or $8 million, to $70 million. Our segment profit margin increased 130 basis points to 20.3%, up to 19% in the prior-year quarter.
Turning to the full year, the gross margin expansion was year to date positively impacted on margin of the exit low-margin sales activities and the net impact of price to input costs, combined with other sufficient initiatives to reduce costs. The increased gross margin more than offset increases related to R&D investment and higher incentive compensation expense related to our full-year performance.
For the full year, our segment profit margin was at an all-time high of 22.7%, up 110 basis points from 21.6% in the prior year. Our segment profit totaled $324 million versus $298 million in the prior year, or an increase of 9%.
The improved segment profit reflect strong volume growth, combined with a further gross margin expansion, which more than offset investment in R&D and increased incentive compensation expenses. In short, 2013 was a year of strong performance, while we also put plans in place to strengthen the flavors organization for the future.
Looking ahead to the first quarter of 2014, we expect our local currency sales growth to be more moderate versus Q4 and more in line with our long-term targets.
I would now like to turn the call over to Kevin Berryman, our CFO.
Kevin Berryman - EVP, CFO
Thank you, Hernan, and good morning, good afternoon, everyone, on this snowy New York day.
Turning to the fourth quarter, I'd like to view some key metrics and provide you with perspective on the importance of each. Our local currencies sales growth in the fourth quarter was 7%, following 8% growth in the fourth quarter of 2012. On our third-quarter earnings call, you might recall we were more cautious in tone, given the challenging comparison to the fourth quarter of 2012, when we delivered 15% growth in fragrances compounds and 7% like-for-like growth in flavors.
This quarter's growth of 7%, on top of 10% like-for-like growth in the prior year, speaks to many important things about IFF, not the least of which is our ability to harness the power of our creative, sales, and development teams to deliver products that customers value. The emerging markets continue to be a strong growth driver, and it's important to maintain perspective on the strength of these markets, given the growth in the consumer market and the strength of the demand for products, which are rapidly becoming part of their emerging, more consumer-oriented lifestyles.
Our margins expanded an additional 160 basis points in the quarter, based on moderation in input costs, combined with the strength of our strategic initiatives. I will touch on this later, as we still face an overall headwind to our margins due to the strong inflationary environment we faced in 2011 and 2012.
The margin expansion and volume gains resulted in adjusted operating profit growth of 13%, or $13 million, on top of 9% growth in the fourth quarter of 2012. Our adjusted EPS improved 11% this quarter, on top of 11% growth in 2012.
I have shown this slide before, and I think it's important because it shows our continued progress in capturing the growth in the emerging markets. A key component of our growth plan is to capture the benefits of the wealth creation that is occurring in the fast-growing emerging markets. This slide highlights our increasing strength in the emerging markets over the last three years.
Our percentage of sales in the emerging markets has increased from 44% in Q1 2010 to 50% in the fourth quarter of 2013. We believe our index to the emerging markets is the highest in our industry and is reflected in our strong organic growth rates.
Over the last three years, our compound annual growth rate in the emerging markets is nearly 9%, and we believe that the emerging-market opportunity remains largely intact, given the long-term trends of 1 billion-plus new consumers entering the market to purchase consumer packaged goods for the first time.
Turning to the next slide, I have also shown this one before, which provides insight to our gross margin progression in light of historically high input cost increases. This slide demonstrates that even though we are seeing margin gains of 210 basis points in 2013, the net impact of historical rising input costs on our margins continues to be a headwind.
If we look at the period full-year 2010 to full-year 2013, you will see the factors that are leading to the gross margin improvement between the two years. We chose the full year of 2010 since that is the last comparable full-year period prior to the large increase in input costs that we saw and experienced in 2011 and 2012.
Over the three-year period, the net impact of pricing and input costs has been a negative 130 basis points on our gross margins, as evidenced by the red bar. As you know, we proactively worked with customers to implement pricing increases to reduce the strong pressure from these higher input costs and limit the inflationary pressure to the 130 basis points noted on the slide.
However, the importance of the execution of our strategy where we adopted numerous measures to improve our margins, including the exit of low-margin sales activities, cost-savings initiatives, innovation enhancements, manufacturing efficiencies, and restructuring and other gross margin improvement efforts, cannot be overstated. These strategic improvements had a 340 basis-point improvement positive impact on our margins over the three-year period, as shown by the green bar on the chart.
This more than offset the negative 130 basis-point reduction from the net impact of input costs and pricing. Importantly, going forward into 2014, we are seeing some input costs increasing, which will require us to have selective and targeted discussions with some customers regarding price increases.
Turning to our RSA costs, our adjusted RSA as a percent of sales increased 70 basis points from 27.6% to 28.3% of sales. The higher RSA reflects additional incentive compensation provisions related to our strong performance in 2013 and other miscellaneous costs, including acquisition-related costs of Aromor.
For the second year in a row, our strong performance in Q4 triggered higher incentive accruals for AIP program, and as a result, we have higher provisions in Q4 2013 versus Q4 2012.
Other incremental costs we incurred in the fourth quarter are related to nonstructural expenses that added approximately $5 million to $6 million to fourth-quarter RSA costs. We also incurred higher R&D expenses this quarter, related to our investments in innovation. R&D increased 13% year over year, and, as a percent of sales, increased to 9.7% of sales in the fourth quarter of 2013, up from 9.1% in the fourth quarter of 2012.
If we were to exclude these nonstructural costs and additional incentive compensation accruals from RSA, then our sales and administrative costs would have increased more in line with inflation. And this would have resulted in our RSA as a percent of sales falling versus the year-ago quarter.
Again, we remain disciplined in our approach to spending, and going forward, cost discipline will be a continued focus while we strategically invest in research and development and other business development opportunities.
Our foreign currency translation this quarter had a minimal impact on our reported sales. The more limited volatility in the euro/dollar exchange rate, combined with hedging activities with the euro, has resulted in foreign currency impact having an insignificant impact on our operating cost of results. The operating impact on our full-year results was also muted.
For 2014, we are nearly 80% hedged against the euro at levels that approximate 1.32 per euro -- per -- euro per dollar, effectively consistent with the average exchange rate levels for the full year 2013. At current rates, the operating impact on our 2014 results is expected to continue to be benign.
Given the recent volatility we have seen in some emerging-market currencies, I would like to remind those on the call about our emerging market foreign currency profile. As you know, IFF sales into emerging markets are significant. Importantly, while 50% of our sales are to the emerging markets, a significant portion of these are not subject to foreign-exchange risk to the extent that you might imagine.
More specifically, much of our sales in the emerging markets are subject to commercial arrangements that significantly reduce the currency volatility on our results. Specifically, various commercial terms allow us to better align our foreign-exchange exposure on sales with developed market currencies or harder currencies, such as the euro or US dollar.
Therefore, as you can see in this chart, of the 50% of our sales that are to the emerging markets, approximately two-thirds are aligned with US dollars or other hard currencies, leaving less than a third that are fully exposed to local currency volatility.
Turning to our cash flow, as you know, our business is very cash generative and we are pleased with our improved operating cash flow performance this year. For 2013, our operating cash flow was $408 million, or 13.8% of sales, versus $324 million, or 11.5% of sales, in 2012.
There are some large items impacting our comparability that I would like to discuss. First, last year we had a cash outflow of $105.5 million related to our Spanish income tax settlement for the 2004 to 2010 years. This outflow was included in our 2012 full-year number.
Number two, in 2013 the Company made $30 million of contributions to our qualified US pension plans, or an incremental $15 million versus normal levels. And finally, number three, also in 2013, we made $33 million in payments related to Spanish tax assessments for the 2010 -- excuse me -- 2002 and 2011 tax years.
If we exclude these items to make the year-over-year comparison more representative, then our cash flow would have improved from $430 million to $456 million, or an increase of 6%.
Turning to our capital structure, we are making progress on our share buyback program. Through the end of the year, we repurchased approximately 656,000 shares at an average price of $78 per share. We spent approximately $51 million on this effort, meeting our expectations for the year. And given current market dynamics, we would expect to spend a minimum $75 million in share repurchases in 2014, effectively offsetting any share count creep associated with option grants.
Our current quarterly dividend payment of $0.39 per quarter, based on our 2013 net income, provides a payout ratio of approximately 35%. And this is versus a payout ratio of 30% associated with our previous quarterly dividend of $0.34, which we had at the beginning of the year.
Per our normal process, our evaluation of an increase in our quarterly dividend level will be completed during the third quarter of this year.
Turning to our long-term financial targets, these targets, as you know, provide our view on the expected growth of our business for three key metrics. Our targets call for 4% to 6% local currency sales growth, 7% to 9% adjusted operating profit growth, and 10%-plus adjusted EPS growth.
I would like to benchmark our actual performance on a five-year, three-year, and one-year basis against these targets. First, looking at our local currency sales growth, our long-term targets call for growth of 4% to 6%. If we look at our five-year compound annual growth rate, our local currency growth was 5%.
On a three-year basis, we experienced growth of 4%, and on a one-year basis, our growth was 5%, reflecting our strong performance in 2013. It is also important to remember that on a like-for-like basis, our growth would have been 6% in 2013.
We have met our local currency sales growth targets on a compounded five-, three-, and one-year basis. And importantly, our growth from new wins in 2013 was at a five-year high, which is a good foundation of that growth that we saw this past year.
Turning to our adjusted operating profit growth, our long-term growth targets call for adjusted operating profit growth of 7% to 9%. On a five-year basis, our compound annual growth rate was [8]%. On a three-year basis, it was 8%. And looking at our one-year growth, we achieved adjusted operating profit growth of 11% in 2013.
Consistent with our performance against our local currency sales growth target, we have met our adjusted OP growth targets on a compounded five-, three-, and one-year basis. For 2013, there was a clear acceleration in our profit growth.
Finally, turning to our adjusted EPS growth targets, on a five-year basis we achieved a compound annual growth rate of 10%. On a three-year basis, it was also 10%, and for the full year of 2013, we achieved growth of 12%. And again, we have met our adjusted EPS growth targets on a compounded five-, three-, and one-year basis.
Importantly, we have met all of these objectives while remaining committed to our investment in innovation, with R&D expenses nearing 9% for the full-year 2013 and 9.7% in the fourth quarter.
Let me now turn it over to Doug to provide some comments regarding our 2014 outlook.
Doug Tough - Chairman, CEO
Thank you, Kevin, Hernan, and Nicolas for their remarks on the Company's performance.
2013 was a very exciting year for us as we continued to execute on our three-pillar strategy, while investing in the future growth and profitability of the Company. We are pleased with the momentum on both sides of the business and believe that we are well positioned for growth, due to the many steps we have taken to augment our profitability and strengthen the Company.
We are expecting continued success in 2014. We have the right teams in place to continue to provide customers with superior customized products that deliver improved performance to their consumers. We expect to deliver local currency growth in the range of 5% to 7%, reflecting the addition of Aromor, continued new business wins, and volume growth in the faster growing and more mature markets. This includes our organic growth rate range of 4% to 6%, with an additional point of growth associated with our acquisition of Aromor.
We also expect to see strong levels of adjusted profit and earnings-per-share growth in 2014 as our business continues to see topline and operating momentum and we benefit from the reset of our expected incentive-based compensation expense to a 100% target level in 2014.
As a result, operating profit growth is expected to be up double digits, with EPS seeing commensurate, strong improvement.
Regarding our first quarter of 2014, as Nicolas and Hernan pointed out, we expect more moderate modest topline growth in Q1, following a strong Q4, and hence performance more in line with our long-term growth rates in Q1. Regarding EPS, we expect a muted level of growth due to the absence of the R&D tax credit in 2014, which was reinstated in Q1 2013. Regardless of these impacts in Q1, we believe our full-year outlook is achievable.
I thought I would wrap up with a brief summary of our investment thesis. We partner with the world's leading global consumer companies. Our flavors and fragrances are the key component in the world's finest perfumes and best-known consumer brands and are often the key reason behind a consumer's purchase decision. Yet our products only contribute 1% to 4% of the overall cost of a finished product, creating a great value proposition for our customers.
We are geographically diversified. Our focus on the fast-growing emerging markets is not new. We have had footholds in many of the developing markets, such as India, for more than 50 years. As our customers in the emerging markets grow their businesses, they have the ability to leverage our longstanding presence and our extensive market knowledge to help drive growth in their brands.
The Company generates healthy cash flows, which allow us -- would reinvest back into the business as we strive to reallocate resources towards higher-return activities, while still maintaining financial flexibility and returning capital to shareholders.
Lastly, we have an experienced and a talented employee base, whose dedication and commitment and drive the Company forward, in line with our strategic plans.
In conclusion, we are very well positioned in the market for continued success. Our investments in Asia and EAME are proceeding as planned and are vital to sustaining our long-term growth and delivering the best service to our customers. Our strong growth reflects the ability of our people to collaborate effectively and leverage our R&D, creative offering, and geographic footprint to create solutions for our customers.
And finally, we are able to achieve all of this due to the strength of our business model and the expertise of our people. This year, we are celebrating our 125th anniversary at IFF. Our employees continue to drive our success by creating exceptional products and providing superior service. We share this milestone with our customers, our partners, and our shareholders.
I thank you for your participation this morning. I will now open up the call for questions.
Operator
(Operator Instructions). Mark Astrachan, Stifel Nicolaus.
Mark Astrachan - Analyst
Wanted to ask about the split between price and mix, or contribution from price and mix, in the fourth quarter, and then also get a sense of expectation for contribution in 2014. So input costs, I hear what you said. I know one of your largest competitors had talked about also seeing or having some expectations for pricing. So, maybe just give us a bit of -- a sense of how that works out in 2014, and then just what the housekeeping numbers were in 2013?
Kevin Berryman - EVP, CFO
Mark, this is Kevin. I will take a stab. I will tell you that pricing in 2013 was muted, certainly in the back half of the year especially, so you can consider that the growth dynamic associated with Q3 and Q4 was largely a result of our strong new wins. You heard the mention that our 2013 year, as it relates to growth from new wins, was a record, so very, very strong level of performance in 2013.
For 2014, we are seeing selective areas where input costs are increasing and we would expect to have targeted and selective discussions with customers to have pricing, but we don't see that as being a material dynamic in the overall kind of picture for our growth in 2014.
Overall, we don't see a significant acceleration in our input costs, but we see -- are seeing some specific ones that we're going to need to take some pricing actions on.
Mark Astrachan - Analyst
Great, and then just one follow-up. Nonstructural expenses in RSA, what are those and what was -- or how should we think about that going forward?
Kevin Berryman - EVP, CFO
We specifically called it out, Mark, because we don't expect that those are going to be things that ultimately recur on an ongoing basis, but effectively we have some costs associated with our acquisition of Aromor. That's clearly in the Q4 numbers. We had some legal project costs. We had some tax costs that we incurred relative to our emerging-market presences.
So if you looked at those kind of items, we're making up the bulk of those. Clearly, the callout is to suggest that we shouldn't necessarily see those levels of expenses going forward in Q4 of 2014.
Mark Astrachan - Analyst
Okay, so just to be clear, so that is in the adjusted numbers in the fourth quarter, then?
Kevin Berryman - EVP, CFO
Yes, it is.
Mark Astrachan - Analyst
Got it. Okay, thank you.
Operator
Lauren Lieberman, Barclays.
Lauren Lieberman - Analyst
I wanted to know if you guys could, one, give us the news that you are at ahead of schedule on all of your partnerships. I would love an update on Evolva and vanilla, is aniline being available to your flavorists and when that starts to impact flavor business trends?
And then, also, just on Aromor, Nicolas, you talked a little bit more about the existing portfolio and why it was interesting, but didn't really mention much -- anything specific or that you can put in layman's terms for the R&D capabilities that that business brings in. But I think there were some things in the press release or what I have read on Aromor so far that suggest there's something a little bit more interesting there, and I'd love to hear your perspective on that. Thanks.
Hernan Vaisman - Group President Flavors
Hi, Lauren, it's Hernan here. Regarding the natural vanillin, as I mentioned in the previous call, we just finished this quarter -- in fact, in January was the first scale-up. It was successful.
Now the next step is to get this material throughout all the creation centers in the world in order to get the flavorist application teams familiar with it, and we plan to start going to present to customers and show it in the market in the second part of the year. So we expect to get the first, I mean, revenues coming from these initiatives by the end of this year.
Nicolas Mirzayantz - Group President Fragrances
Good morning, Lauren. It's Nicolas. Regarding Aromor without going into the specific, the key takeaway is that, first of all, in terms of capabilities, they have complementary capabilities to ours, and therefore our ability to develop new molecules is strengthened when you put our team and their team, number one.
The number two is the complementary portfolio. There is no overlapping our portfolio of ingredients, so it's very incremental to us, both for our external sale of ingredients, but most importantly, they are really critical ingredients, high-impact specialty ingredients for perfumers to use in their creations.
We know these ingredients very well because we have been a partner to Aromor for very long time, so our perfumers know these ingredients very well and can use them rapidly at a higher level in their new creations moving forward.
Lauren Lieberman - Analyst
Okay, great. Thank you. And then, just a bigger question on R&D spending. Is the right way to think about it -- I know there is obviously a payback as you spend, but just curious, do you think there's a mass level at where you would want to be spending as a percentage of sales, or is it just as long as gross margins are expanding from some of your productivity mix initiatives, that we just should always think about money going back into R&D, just as we'd see your customers always spending back into their advertising budget. Is that the right way to think about the financial model long term? Thanks.
Doug Tough - Chairman, CEO
Lauren, I think it's partly right. I think the analogy to investing in your business with advertising is a good one.
We have certainly been over 8%, but I don't think it's as simple as just will it expand gross margin. There is a pretty disciplined approach within both the business units, in concert with R&D, and other units in the Company that takes a look at the size of the prize, the likelihood of getting the margin, the cost in use, the likelihood of regulatory approval, the time required, and so on. So there are number of factors that go into it.
We evaluate all the projects that are on the docket with a view to which ones we think we can fund, and I would have to say that where we are now and the disciplined approach that has really been brought to bear by a number of constituents in the Company helps us understand where we think there is a really good return. So, I am very happy with where we are at our investment level.
Clearly, if we have the opportunity to enhance that, we can do so, but the projects all go through a pretty disciplined rigor to be approved, and so we are not -- we're certainly not underspending, but frankly, nor do I see us overspending at this point. And we have quarterly reviews, which document the probability and likelihood and the expected returns we're going to get.
Lauren Lieberman - Analyst
Great, thank you so much.
Kevin Berryman - EVP, CFO
Lauren, just one additional comment. This is Kevin. We did have an accelerated milestone payment for Amyris in the fourth quarter, so that bumped up the fourth-quarter numbers specifically higher than what would probably be determined to be an ongoing level. So you should be aware of that.
Lauren Lieberman - Analyst
Okay, thanks a lot.
Operator
Mike Sison, KeyBanc Capital.
Mike Sison - Analyst
Congrats on another very strong quarter and year. You did a nice job generating good margin expansion and the strategic initiatives. Clearly, you're going to have some momentum in 2014. Can you just help us maybe get a feel of how much improvement you can see next year and what are the areas that will drive that?
Doug Tough - Chairman, CEO
I think if you go back -- let's start from the foundation of what our three-pillar strategy is, and obviously, the footprint -- leveraging the geographic footprint, strengthening our innovation, and managing the portfolio all are opportunities that allow us to continue to hopefully drive our gross-margin progress going forward. So, it's part of our strategic vision that that happens.
Having said all of that, Mike, we saw some great advancements in 2013. We would not expect to have that same level of improvement in 2014, so I think we're going to be looking at a more normalized level of gross-margin improvement in 2014. And of course, that will require us to take some pricing actions against those specific areas where we are seeing some acceleration in input costs for our respective businesses.
And I think that at the end of the day, there is an inherent dynamic relative to the innovation that the teams are bringing to their portfolios, which should afford us gross-margin enhancement over the long haul. So that's a critical part of our strategy. We still think that strategic pillar is well in place, and that is our intent to try and drive that. But it will be at levels that are less robust in 2014 than in 2013, in terms of levels of improvement.
Mike Sison - Analyst
Okay. And then, Doug, you talked about your return on capital being at very industry-high levels. It's certainly a great level to be at, but is there a way to deploy that capital a little bit more aggressively to maybe enhance growth, or you get worried when your returns are too high, right, in terms of being able to generate growth? Any thoughts there, and maybe using your balance sheet more aggressively, too, to add more growth to the Company?
Kevin Berryman - EVP, CFO
Certainly, Mike. We look at a number of ways that we might be able to attack that issue. And we have publicly stated certainly the focus will be on continued growth and investment, but certainly the balance sheet and the opportunities for capital. We look at M&A-type opportunities.
We have done a small recent deal with Aromor. The Company's aspirations would be greater than that, but they will also be well disciplined in the context of a financial rigor that M&A has to bring. Certainly other capital issues, whether they are buybacks and so on, we have done small ones, but I would say the overarching objective here is how can we get growth, but that profitable growth. So we hope we have more M&A opportunities ahead of us, and that that would be deploying the capital.
Mike Sison - Analyst
Okay, great, thank you.
Operator
Jeff Zekauskas, JPMorgan.
Jeffrey Zekauskas - Analyst
Of the 5.8% sales growth that you reported in 2013, was more than half of that mix or price mix?
Kevin Berryman - EVP, CFO
No, no. In 2013, no.
Jeffrey Zekauskas - Analyst
Yes.
Kevin Berryman - EVP, CFO
It was largely associated with new wins associated with the efforts by the BUs in driving innovation into the portfolio. So it's largely volume related.
Now some of that is mix because you might have innovation that brings mix benefits to it, but we don't break that out necessarily separately, so think about it as volume/mix driven.
Jeffrey Zekauskas - Analyst
Right, because the puzzle is your cost of goods sold went up $15 million, or less than 1%, and if your volume -- on a ratable basis, maybe your cost of goods sold with flat raw materials would have gone up, I don't know, $65 million, and even with cost initiatives, it seems difficult to pull that much out. So there must be a very large mix benefit in 2013. Is that right, or no? Or why is the growth in cost of goods sold so slow?
Kevin Berryman - EVP, CFO
I think there is a variety of factors that are driving that. Certainly the strategic initiatives that we talk about a lot, Jeff, are a driver to that, and if you think about the exit of the low-margin flavors activity, that is worth probably 80-plus basis points to flavors, 40-plus basis points to the Company over that period of time.
You have the mix benefits of our innovations coming out at higher-margin levels. We did -- were able to realize a moderating level of input costs. All of those things add up to something that looks very attractive from a margin progressive, and we think that the thesis underlying that strategic kind of plank of innovation and margin enhancement is certainly going to play forward, as well.
There was also, and I would say this especially in fragrance in 2013, a lot of productivity enhancements as well, which related to our ability to drive a reduction in ingredients that support those new opportunities of wins, as well as you know that Nicolas and his team have done some restructuring efforts over time to ultimately drive incremental margins, as well.
So a broad array of efforts, and it will always continue to be a broad array of efforts because we need to be efficient, productive, and innovative in terms of driving the business going forward.
Jeffrey Zekauskas - Analyst
And then, lastly, your Latin America results were very, very strong for the second successive year. I imagine that's largely Brazil, Argentina, and Mexico. Were there differences in the growth rates in those three countries? Were they smoother? And in general for many companies, the North American growth with the growth in the economy is really the strongest element, but for you, especially in South America, you have grown especially well with very, very weak economies. Can you talk about that feature?
Hernan Vaisman - Group President Flavors
It is Hernan here. You are right. I think that the things like the [association] or what you read in the newspapers and with the real economy there that they are really almost full economies for Mexico and Croatia, beating Argentina and Brazil. And we really -- we are performing really, really well, and this is basically for what I mentioned before, the high level of new wins at the top there in these areas.
In terms of countries for several, you can think of Argentina as being able to grow, and it's a bit personal on this country. When we have a growth, it's doing more than the 20%. And this is really coming from new wins.
So, usually you can say that the economies and the growth of our business should be in some way correlated, but it is not a perfect correlation. There will be a big difference between what the country could grow and what you are winning by yourself.
Organically, probably we're not growing, but the new wins for us, yes, they lead to growth in that region. And your question is the economies in those countries, in Mexico, Brazil, and Argentina.
Nicolas Mirzayantz - Group President Fragrances
Good morning, Jeffrey, it's Nicolas here. Very similar to what Hernan was saying, we have been saying that, first of all, emerging markets, especially Latin America, is where we had a leading position for many decades already, so it speaks to not only the strength of our portfolio, the strength of the relationship, very high market share, very, very strong consumer insight, and really listening what is driving consumer preference.
So we engage on a position of strength and knowledge and expertise, which is augmented by innovation pipeline, and the growth was really driven by new wins.
So very, very strong growth for the portfolio and a very strong growth last year. Yes, the economy is where we are seeing some signs we have to monitor the situation, but at least the pipeline of introduction for the Q4 was very strong, and we will have to keep monitoring the situation as the situation progresses.
And as far as countries are concerned, very, very strong growth in Brazil and Mexico, Argentina and Colombia are really driving the growth in Latin America.
Jeffrey Zekauskas - Analyst
Okay, thank you very much.
Operator
Rohini Nair, Deutsche Bank.
Rohini Nair - Analyst
I just wanted to touch on fragrances, and I'm wondering whether you can give us a bit more color around what you are seeing there. Functional seems to be doing pretty well uniformly across your markets, fine and fragrance growth also good, but maybe limited to certain regions. So, if you can address those dynamics.
And then, along with that, do you get the sense that you may be benefiting from new product wins maybe more so than your competitors? Thanks.
Nicolas Mirzayantz - Group President Fragrances
Good morning, Rohini. It's Nicolas here. First of all, I would like to provide a perspective. There is two components to take into account. First, comp versus last year. So if you think here in North America, fine beauty minus 6%, but it was on the heel of plus 17%, which was significant growth and far higher than what the market was experiencing, so I think that the comp is playing an element.
Then if you look at our growth of 24% in EAME, one thing that is important to take into consideration is a large majority of our customers, while European based, are manufacturing in Europe for the rest of the world. So probably, definitely, as we know, part of the 27% growth in Europe, which is far above the market growth, is also then being exported to the US, but we cannot recall it as a US-based sale, so it is difficult for us to track. But definitely, the 24% in Europe were from very strong new wins, a pipeline, that are shipped in different parts of the world.
And the thing about Latin America, minus 1, I just would like to remind everyone that last year in Q4, we grew 59%, which is also very far in excess of what the market was growing, so if you look at the two-year average, it's still double-digit growth and above the market growth.
Rohini Nair - Analyst
That's great. And just a follow-up on that. If we think about profitability on the fragrance side, it seems that with the increased specialization you're getting from Aromor, your ingredients rationalization, you have good opportunity for improvement over time. So I just want to get a sense of how you may be thinking about those margins longer term, whether we might eventually see those margins approaching the level of flavors at some point?
Kevin Berryman - EVP, CFO
Hi, Rohini, it's Kevin. I'll take a crack at that. Look, I think that certainly both of our business units are very strongly economically profitable and both represent fantastic growth opportunities.
We do think that there was some significant opportunities to enhance economic profit within the context of the fragrance business, and you can see, given their margin profile, some of that improvement is coming to light.
Whether or not we ultimately get to a level where those two businesses are equal in terms of margins, we don't think about it that way, necessarily, but we do believe they both represent very, very strong opportunities to have profitable growth. And specifically because of the things you called out in your question, there are some things which will afford us perhaps an ability to further reduce the difference between the two margin profiles of the business units.
And of course, depending upon, at the end of the day, our ability to drive innovation into our portfolios, that will ultimately determine where we fall out in terms of the margin profiles, in my mind.
Doug Tough - Chairman, CEO
Certainly Aromor brings us strength with the opportunity to use those molecules. Conceivably using more of them in order to win new businesses will give us perhaps long-term margin improvement, not necessarily short term.
But I would echo what Kevin said. Both businesses are attractive, but while we look at the comparisons to each, the real comparison needs to be within the BU and the comparisons to their competitors, and what we need to do to win against competitors, not to win against each other. But both are attractive, and we pointed that out both at the investor day and in the overall financial results.
Rohini Nair - Analyst
Thank you. I will pass it on.
Operator
Jonathan Feeney, Janney.
Jonathan Feeney - Analyst
I wanted to ask specifically, just having gotten off a few of these CPG calls, specifically as it relates to flavors, do you -- is there any concern about a slowdown in developing markets affecting innovation plans? And I know you made some comments about this, but just more detail specifically about how specific customers -- like [Montale] has talked about a little less spending in emerging markets this year. If you had a customer that was in that situation, how does that affect your business, on what kind of lag, and are you seeing any kind of that activity right now, even upstream from what you might be feeling directly at the revenue line? Thank you.
Hernan Vaisman - Group President Flavors
Thank you for the question. I just came -- it is Hernan here -- I just came from Asia and from a long trip there, and as I mentioned in the last call, we saw some slowdown in India. Definitely, the economy situation is impacting more of the business. But I just came, and even now the sentiment is in some way different. They see some, as they say, light at the end of the tunnel by the second half.
So our real concern in the third and fourth quarter was India, we see some improvement. Having said all that, there is something of hysteria. The pace of growth that they used to have -- the developing markets mainly [could] in Asia when one's focus is different.
When we talk about two, three years ago there, the growth was almost in the double digits, and now you're talking, I think, in China, 7%, India, 6%. So there is a kind of slowdown there.
Having said that, their potential is huge. You've got so many consumers there buying and getting new cars, that they (inaudible) I would say for the time being (inaudible).
How it is impacting, I mean, the customer, yes. Some customers have really impacting in those markets, but again, we are not only working with one customer. We are working with many customers in all these markets, and as I mentioned before, not necessarily we have a perfect correlation between a customer, between countries, and our revenue growth.
If we are really putting there, as we are doing, a lot of investment, we are really creating good products that they really gain the consumer preference, we can have, even though kind of a lower base of growth, we can have capacity to grow faster than even many of the customers in the country.
So in short, the pace of growth in the emerging markets is slow, but we have the fundamentals in place really to keep on outperforming the market growth.
Jonathan Feeney - Analyst
Understood, thank you very much.
Operator
Edward Yang, Oppenheimer.
Edward Yang - Analyst
Just following along the other questions on emerging markets and your ability so far to decouple from some of these more troubled economies, are there any sort of canaries in the coal mine or leading indicators that you would look to to let you know that trouble is coming down the pike?
Doug Tough - Chairman, CEO
I guess the comments we get from customers, the customer interaction we have is ongoing across both sides of the business.
I think the one thing that -- there is what we would call defensive and offensive briefs, and the opportunities to go forward to customers with a view to understanding their portfolio and providing solutions to them and recommendations on innovation has really been well received on a number of the globals.
So the leading indicators, the way you have called them, can be some softness, which Hernan has just touched upon, but the way we have to deal with that is our customers are still looking for innovation and the opportunities for innovation, and we have ramped up our game, continue to do so. So notwithstanding there may be some slowing down, we have been able to counteract some of that through proactive activities, and that would continue to be the thrust that we would do.
Edward Yang - Analyst
Thanks for that color, Doug. Kevin talked about how although you have half your sales from emerging markets, only about a third of that -- of that half is non-dollar or non-euro denominated. Do you have any plans to hedge out that remaining exposure, and in markets like Indonesia or Argentina, or you hear nowadays about Venezuela putting into effect some capital controls, and your ability to repatriate that cash, when you do have sales in those local markets, how frequently do you bring that cash back or do you leave it in those markets?
Kevin Berryman - EVP, CFO
To a large extent, Ed, that was a mouthful of a question because, as you know, it's a complex area. But I will tell you that certainly, in general, we have a belief that we will continue to reinvest back into the emerging markets, and so to a certain extent, there is an ability for us to use that cash by reinvesting back into the businesses, and that's good for us, that's good for our customers, that's good for their consumers, ultimately.
Having said that, we do need cash back in the US and we look at all available means to provide opportunities to bring that back to help fund our needs on debt service, share buybacks, dividends, whatever the case may be. So we have very proactive discussions ongoing with our teams around the globe, and the treasury group does a very, very nice job of working with our teams to facilitate our ability to get the cash where we need it and when we want it.
There are challenges. Clearly, Argentina is one. There are others that I would call out, which are bigger challenges, actually, just because of the magnitude of it. But at the end of the day, some of our FX structures that we have in place and this ability to match our costs with the harder currencies is a benefit to us, probably versus many of our competitors and/or customers.
Edward Yang - Analyst
Okay. And on reinvestment, just finally, you talked about R&D spend. What's your expectation for CapEx for this year?
Kevin Berryman - EVP, CFO
We have continued to say that we are in the neighborhood of 4.5% to 5% probably until the year 2016 when we will probably start to trend down to, let's call it, a lower level more consistent with history.
Edward Yang - Analyst
All right, thank you for your time.
Operator
Lauren Lieberman, Barclays.
Lauren Lieberman - Analyst
Thanks for letting me back in. It was just a quick clarification. Hernan, when you talked about the growth rate you are seeing in Argentina north of 20% and attributable to new wins, just want to be very clear that that does not include any kind of inflationary -- material inflationary pricing?
Hernan Vaisman - Group President Flavors
You are correct. This is true dollars; it is not including any kind of inflationary impact.
Lauren Lieberman - Analyst
Perfect. Thank you so much.
Operator
At this time, there are no further questions.
Doug Tough - Chairman, CEO
Thank you all for your participation. I think this morning you got a sense of the -- how IFF need to operate and the diversity of the business, whether it is the two business units, the regions, the categories. But managing that diversity, we think, leads to our success. We look forward to talking with you in early May with the Q1 results. Thanks for your participation.
Operator
Thank you for joining today's conference. You may now disconnect.