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Operator
Good afternoon, ladies and gentlemen. Welcome to Cumberland Pharmaceuticals second-quarter 2012 earnings conference call. During the Company's presentation, all parties will be in a listen-only mode. Following the presentation, the conference will be open for questions. This call is being recorded and a replay will be available for one week shortly following its conclusion. At this time, I would now like to turn the call over to Elizabeth Davis who handles corporate relations for Cumberland Pharmaceuticals. Please go ahead.
Elizabeth Davis - Corporate Relations
Good afternoon and thank you for joining us as we discuss our second-quarter results. Before we begin, we would like to advise that this call will include forward-looking statements, which reflect our current views about future events. These statements are subject to risks outlined in the Safe Harbor section of today's news release and detailed in our 10-K and 10-Q reports on file with the SEC.
Despite our best efforts, actual results could differ materially from our expectations. Information shared on the call today should be considered current as of today only and please remember the Company assumes no duty to update it. I will now turn the call over to our Chief Executive Officer, AJ Kazimi.
AJ Kazimi - Chairman & CEO
Good afternoon, everyone and thank you for joining us as we review our second-quarter results. With me on today's call are Marty Cearnal, our Chief Commercial Officer and Rick Greene, Cumberland's Chief Financial Officer. We will start by reviewing highlights from the quarter and then we will provide updates in each of our products. We will also provide a development update and discuss our financial performance.
So let's begin. During the second quarter, we continue to work towards achieving our goals for 2012. Earlier this year, we implemented a new commercial strategy with the objective of driving growth in each of our marketed brands. As we reach the halfway point in 2012, we are beginning to see the impact of this new strategy. Kristalose revenues have grown since we streamlined its supply chain and are up 5% year over year compared to the first half of 2011.
Remember that Acetadote revenues during the second quarter of last year were unusually strong due to the shortages of oral competitors during that period. While this makes for a difficult year-over-year comparison, Acetadote revenues are up over 30% from the first quarter of this year as that product resumes a more normal growth path following the fluctuating wholesaler buying patterns for the brand subsequent to the competitor shortages of last summer.
Finally, Caldolor revenues more than doubled sequentially over both last year and over the first quarter of this year as wholesaler inventories continued to deplete and our reorder volume increases. We are encouraged that this brand is benefiting from the more targeted approach we are implementing and we are working hard to continue to build on this momentum and develop Caldolor into a meaningful revenue stream for the Company.
We believe we will continue to see the benefits of realigning our sales organization, their territories and their promotional time to support near and long-term growth for all our brands. We also made progress in the ongoing clinical programs during the second quarter and we continue to pursue partnerships to commercialize our products in new international markets. Expanding into international markets is a key component of our growth strategy and our efforts to build an international presence for our brands. We also continue to aggressively pursue opportunities to expand our product portfolio with the goal of adding a fifth product.
I would like to turn to a review of our progress with each of our marketed brands and I would like to ask Marty Cearnal, our Chief Commercial Officer, to provide you with that update. Marty?
Marty Cearnal - SVP & CCO
Thank you, AJ. As we stated in the first quarter, a key element of our 2012 strategy is to place more emphasis on Acetadote following approval of the brand's new formulation and the recent issuance of its patent. This strategy increases promotional resources for Acetadote, which includes a redeployment of our sales organization and allocating a greater percentage of our sales team's time to Acetadote's promotional efforts.
We believe these efforts, coupled with the new marketing programs that were introduced earlier this year, will maximize our return on investment. We have intensified our coverage of poison control centers to ensure that each center understands our message and to help ensure that patients are dosed completely and correctly. This coincides with our new direct-mail campaign, which, for the first time, includes a salesforce-directed component to reach the decisionmakers and reinforce salesforce contacts within the hospitals.
The second quarter of 2012 presented a difficult year-over-year comparison for Acetadote because, last year, there was a severe shortage of the oral competitors and Acetadote sales received a significant boost. We did not expect that to occur again this year since these shortages have abated and normal competitive supplies have resumed.
While Acetadote sales did not match the second quarter of last year, they were up 30% from the first quarter of 2012. Taking a broader view, it should be noted that Acetadote's second-quarter sales have grown at a compounded annual rate of over 10% during the three-year period from the second quarter in 2009 through the second quarter of 2012. We believe the additional resources we have devoted to this brand contributed to Acetadote's strong first to second-quarter growth this year and will contribute to its long-term success.
Let's move on to Kristalose. The acquisition of the Kristalose FDA registration trademark in late 2011 resulted in our allocating additional promotional time and effort to this brand as a part of our strategy in 2012. The new marketing programs were also launched this year and have been instrumental in driving growth. As a part of this marketing program, we have implemented telemarketing activity making thousands of calls to physicians who are using or have a high potential to use Kristalose. Through this activity, we are able to extend the reach of our salesforce, deliver a product message and allow physicians to request samples. We continue to use conventional direct-mail and salesforce promotion as well.
During the first half of the year, Kristalose sales are up 5% over the first half of 2011. We believe the additional efforts devoted to this brand have helped grow this product following last year's supply disruptions and are driving a recovery in sales.
Turning to Caldolor, we have adopted a more focused approach for this brand in 2012. We are emphasizing a limited number of select priority accounts in each sales territory, specifically focusing on the opportunity in pain management. We are encouraged by the growth of our shipments, as well as the growth in hospital demand for the product.
Facilities that have now approved and stock Caldolor grew to 800 by the end of June. During the second quarter, our sales and reorder volumes for this brand grew significantly to their highest level since launch. We credit our more targeted sales approach and a focus on the pain indication for this progress. We continue to receive favorable feedback from the medical community regarding their use of Caldolor to improve the management of pain. We will continue to implement new sales training, support and improved assessment tools to further enhance its productivity.
With that, I will now turn the call back over to you, AJ.
AJ Kazimi - Chairman & CEO
Okay, thank you, Marty. Before we review our financial performance, I would like to provide an update on our development activities. Today, I am pleased to report that we have now completed enrollment in our first Phase IV pediatric study to support Caldolor. This clinical study evaluated the product for the treatment of pain in children involving 160 tonsillectomy patients ages 6 through 16. We are now gathering the resulting data and expect to provide top-line results once that data is analyzed.
Meanwhile, enrollment continues in our pediatric fever study, as well as the two adult studies evaluating a more rapid infusion of the product. We believe that all four studies can provide important new information to further support Caldolor for both the US and international markets.
On to Hepatoren, our newest pipeline product, we are initially developing Hepatoren for the treatment of hepatorenal syndrome, the first of several potential niche indications we have identified for this brand. Following FDA clearance to commence the clinical program, we have identified contracted with and initiated a network of clinical sites around the country to conduct this study. Those sites began screening for eligible patients and enrollment is now well underway. We will continue to update you as this clinical program progresses.
So now let's turn to our financial performance for the second quarter. Rick, would you please walk us through those results?
Rick Greene - VP & CFO
Yes and thanks, AJ. For the three months ended June 30, 2012, net revenues were $12.4 million compared to $14.4 million during the corresponding period in 2011. In the second quarter of 2012, net revenues by product were $9.8 million for Acetadote, $2.1 million for Kristalose and $0.2 million for Caldolor. For the six months ended June 30, 2012, net revenues were $22.6 million compared to $25.1 million for the prior-year period. As Marty mentioned, revenues last year were boosted by the increase in Acetadote volume due to shortages of competitive products.
Total operating expenses for the three months ended June 30, 2012 were $10.4 million compared to $10.8 million during the prior-year period. This decrease was driven by lower selling and marketing expenses partially offset by an increase in R&D expense.
Total operating expenses for the six months ended June 30, 2012 were $20 million, the same as the prior year-period. Lower cost of products sold and selling and marketing expenses were offset by higher R&D and G&A expenses during that period.
Income tax expense for the quarter was $0.3 million compared to $1.4 million for the previous year. Our effective tax rate was positively impacted by the recognition of tax benefits associated with our stock option exchange program, which we completed in the second quarter. Cash flow from operations during the six months ended June 30, 2012 was $3.2 million compared to $4.9 million during the prior-year period. Net income for the second quarter was $1.7 million compared to $2.2 million for the same period in 2011. Net income for the six months ended June 30, 2012 was $2.2 million compared to net income of $2.9 million for the same period in 2011.
Diluted earnings per share for the second quarter were $0.09 compared to $0.11 for the second quarter of 2011. Diluted earnings per share for the six months ended June 30, 2012 were $0.11 compared to $0.14 during the prior-year period. We remain comfortable and on track to hit our 2012 financial guidance for earnings per share of $0.32 to $0.36. We suggest that you evaluate our business on an annual basis as our quarterly progressions can vary. We remain in a strong financial position with high margins and a strong balance sheet. At the end of Q2 2012, we had over $70 million in cash and securities with approximately $52.3 million in cash and cash equivalents and $18.2 million in marketable securities. Total assets at June 30, 2012 were $95.4 million. With that, AJ, I will turn it back over to you.
AJ Kazimi - Chairman & CEO
Thanks for that financial review, Rick. Well, today, I would like to announce that Caldolor has been approved and launched in Canada through our commercial partner, Alveda Pharmaceuticals. The product has been approved there for the treatment of both pain and fever. We'll now work close with Alveda to support their commercial launch of this brand in that country. This, we believe, is another step in our efforts to expand the international presence of Cumberland and this brand.
Last quarter, we reported that the US patent and trademark office had allowed our patent application associated with Acetadote. Following the subsequent issuance of the patent, we did receive our first challenges. We understand that challenges such as this are not uncommon for valuable pharmaceutical brands and we have initiated our defense to contest these challenges and will continue to vigorously defend our newly issued Acetadote patent and related intellectual property.
We have and will continue to maintain current disclosure through our SEC filings regarding any material developments in this process. As we move into the second half of 2012, we will continue to implement our strategy to build each of our established brands through our targeted marketing and our ongoing development efforts.
Through our new commercial strategy, we will work to drive both near and long-term growth across each of our brands. We will continue to pursue additional patent protection for our products, as well as new international partnerships to make our products available to patients in new markets.
We will also seek opportunities to expand our portfolio through new indications and we will work hard to deliver a fifth product. While we do remain selective, disciplined buyers, we are seeing very interesting new product opportunities. As always, we will continue to focus on strong revenue and earnings growth, acting with financial discipline and remaining focused on our mission of advancing patient care.
And finally, as Rick mentioned, we remain on track with our 2012 financial guidance and look forward to providing you with another update following the conclusion of the third quarter. I would now like to turn the call back over to the operator and open the line for any questions.
Operator
(Operator Instructions). Michael Tong, Wells Fargo.
Michael Tong - Analyst
Hi, good afternoon. AJ, let me just ask you one question. As I look at the SG&A expense for the quarter, sequentially, it was up from Q1 and I am trying to reconcile your salesforce realignment versus that increase and just wondering if there were any one-timers in there or any seasonal patterns as it relates to your SG&A spend level?
Rick Greene - VP & CFO
Michael, this is Rick. There was nothing unusual in SG&A for the quarter.
AJ Kazimi - Chairman & CEO
Michael, as I look at the selling and marketing expenses for the Company, if we compare what is happening here in 2012 with the year to date, for example, back in 2010, we will see a reduction in overall selling and marketing by $1 million in the first half of the year. And furthermore, as a percentage of sales, our selling and marketing expenses have dropped from 55% through the first half of 2010 to 46% here in the first half of 2012. So I think that reflects implementation of our new strategy and reduction in overall selling and marketing if you look at 2012 year to date versus 2010.
Michael Tong - Analyst
Thank you.
Operator
Ami Fadia, UBS.
Ami Fadia - Analyst
Hi, I just have a follow-up to the previous question and then another one. So given your current expense rate, is that the one rate that we should expect for both R&D and SG&A going forward? And the second one is just on the tax rate. How should we think about the tax rate for the remainder of the year and into next year?
Rick Greene - VP & CFO
On the tax rate, you should think about it, as we have said in the past, in the low 40%s. That is what we expect. This quarter's tax rate was a one-time item, so going forward, you should expect in the low 40%s. In SG&A, we are comfortable where we are. We do -- there is nothing unusual in that. We have implemented our programs and we expect those to continue going forward.
Ami Fadia - Analyst
Thank you.
Operator
Michael Tong, Wells Fargo.
Michael Tong - Analyst
Maybe I will follow-up on Ami's question regarding the tax rate. So I just want to make sure I understand you correctly, Rick. In terms of going forward, you are looking for low 40%s on a quarterly basis, which would suggest that, for the full year, you're going to end up somewhere below 40% or at least not in the low 40%s, but closer to 40%. Is that the right way to think about it or are you saying that, for the full year, you are going to be in the low 40%s?
Rick Greene - VP & CFO
No, Michael, you stated it exactly right. We expect it to be in the 40%s, in the low 40%s for the sequential quarters and it would be somewhere between at 40% or a little less than 40% for the whole year.
Michael Tong - Analyst
That is helpful. And if I can sneak one question in regarding Hepatoren, can you remind us how many patients you intend to enroll in the Phase II and based on what you are seeing now, when do you think that patient enrollment will be completed?
AJ Kazimi - Chairman & CEO
We are targeting 64 patients in this Phase II study and I remind you this is an orphan indication and it is difficult to predict exactly when the study will be finished. But I can tell you, as of today, the enrollment is well underway.
Michael Tong - Analyst
Thank you.
Operator
At this time, I would like to turn the call back over to management for any closing remarks.
AJ Kazimi - Chairman & CEO
Okay, well, we appreciate everyone joining our call today and I would like to acknowledge and thank our employees for their fine and dedicated efforts. Thank you for your time and interest in Cumberland and we look forward to providing you with another update after the end of our third quarter. Goodbye.
Operator
Thank you, sir. Ladies and gentlemen, that concludes our conference for today. If you would like to listen to a replay of today's conference, please dial 855-859-2056 using the access code 99440842. Alternatively, a replay of this webcast will be available on the Company's website. I would now like to thank you for your participation. You may now disconnect.