Arrowhead Pharmaceuticals Inc (ARWR) 2018 Q2 法說會逐字稿

Ladies and gentlemen, welcome to the Arrowhead Pharmaceuticals Conference Call.

(Operator Instructions) I will now hand the conference call over to Vincent Anzalone, Vice President of Investor Relations for Arrowhead.

Please go ahead, Vince.

Thanks, Bridget.

Good afternoon, everyone.

Thank you for joining us today to discuss Arrowhead's results for its fiscal 2018 second quarter ended March 31, 2018.

With us today from management are President and CEO, Dr. Christopher Anzalone, who will provide an overview of the quarter; Dr. Bruce Given, our Chief Operating Officer and Head of R&D, who will discuss our clinical programs; and Ken Myszkowski, our Chief Financial Officer, who will give a review of the financials.

We will then open up the call to your questions.

Before we begin, I would like to remind you that comments made during today's call contain certain forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933 and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.

All statements other than statements of historical fact, including, without limitation, those with respect to Arrowhead's goals, plans and strategies are forward-looking statements.

These include statements regarding our expectations around the development, safety and efficacy of our drug candidates, projected cash runway and expected future development activities.

These statements represent management's current expectations and are inherently uncertain, thus, actual results may differ materially.

Arrowhead disclaims any intent and undertakes no duty to update any of the forward-looking statements discussed on today's call.

You should refer to the discussions under risk factors in Arrowhead's annual report on Form 10-K and the company's subsequent quarterly reports on Form 10-Q for additional matters to be considered in this regard, including risks and other considerations that could cause actual results to vary from the presently expected results expressed in today's call.

With that said, I'd like to turn the call over to Christopher Anzalone, President and CEO of the company.

Chris?

Thanks, Vince.

Good afternoon, everyone, and thank you for joining us today.

We see drug development as an innovation and application interplay.

It requires raw scientific innovation first, both at the level of understanding disease biology and potential interventional strategies and then application of that innovation in humans.

This is not necessarily a simple 1-2 process, whereby further innovation is made unnecessary after successful application in humans, rather, human application often derives further innovation.

We stand today on the shareholders of the innovation and application work we have done to date.

This represents a huge amount of important science, spending multiple classes of technologies, countless preclinical studies and 3 prior clinical programs.

This has all led to the TRiM platform, and our approach to and understanding of several disease indications.

I laid this out because we view 2018 as a pivotal year in the application of Arrowhead innovation.

We are operating at a very high level and have already brought 2 candidates, ARO-AAT and ARO-HBV, into the clinic.

And we are on pace to advance 3 additional candidates to CTA filings by the end of calendar 2018.

We expect to generate data throughout the year that could provide clinical validation and decrease the risk profile of the platform, drug candidates and, ultimately, our company.

Think of these in 4 general categories: one, safety of the platform and candidates; two, scalability of the platform; three, partnerability of the platform; and four, clinical relevance of the candidates.

Chipping away at these unknowns drives value for us, and we made clear progress in all of them last quarter and the periods since our last conference call.

Let's look at each of these and begin with the most important.

Safety of the platform and candidates.

ARO-AAT and ARO-HBV both started dose in March.

ARO-AAT, which was recently granted orphan drug designation by the FDA, is our second-generation subcutaneously administered candidates for the treatment of alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency liver disease.

ARO-HBV is our third-generation subcutaneously administered clinical candidate for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B infection.

Both first-in-human studies are designed to include a single-ascending dose phase and a multiple-ascending dose phase that are essentially run in parallel.

Bruce will talk more about the studies in a moment, but the Phase I/II design is intended to rapidly get to meaningful readouts on safety and tolerability as well as single and most bulldozed activity.

We have now treated 38 subjects, 24 on active drug and 14 with placebo, between the 2 programs.

And both candidates have been well tolerated thus far.

The course of studies are still young, and several additional dose levels remain to be tested, but it is encouraging to see a favorable safety profile to date.

Let's now turn to scalability of the platform.

We made substantial progress since our last conference call, demonstrating that there is much we can do with the TRiM platform.

Just last week, we announced 2 upcoming presentations that will cover TRiM-enabled liver-targeted candidates and our extrahepatic capabilities.

ARO-APOC3 and ARO-ANG3 are our most advanced, wholly-owned preclinical candidates.

They are targeting apolipoprotein C-III or apo C-III, an angiopoietin-like protein 3 or ANGPTL3, respectively.

They are designed to address multiple cardiometabolic diseases and may offer various development paths, targeting both mass market and/or orphan indications.

We haven't disclosed much about those programs other than some early rodent data that we discussed at our Analyst Day last year.

Bruce Given, our COO, will present additional preclinical data for both programs at the Vascular Discovery: From Genes to Medicine symposium at an American Heart Association organized conference later this week.

These candidates are moving ahead according to plan, and we continue to be excited about the opportunities they represent.

We are on schedule to file CTAs for both candidates before the end of the year.

The second presentation that we announced is for ARO-ENaC, formerly referred to as ARO-Lung1, which is the first candidate to leverage the TRiM platform to address diseases of the lung.

We will present data on this at the American Thoracic Society 2018 International Conference on May 21.

ARO-ENaC is an inhaled RNAi therapeutic, targeting the epithelial sodium channel alpha subunit, or alpha-ENaC, for the treatment of cystic fibrosis, or CF.

CF is a rare disease caused by a genetic mutation that leads to mucus buildup in the lungs and pancreas.

In CF lung disease, patients can have difficulty breathing and experience frequent and persistent lung infections.

Increased ENaC activity contributes to draw in mucus from the airway and reduced ability of the lung to clear toxins and infectious agents.

Interestingly, inheritance of poorly-functioning ENaC genes by CF patients leads to a milder lung disease.

Therefore, researchers have been interested in decreasing ENaC activity in CF patients if possible.

However, the development of inhaled small molecule inhibitors have been limited by their short duration of action and worrisome side effects resulting from ENaC inhibition in the kidney.

We think ENaC has good validation as a target, and our goal is to selectively reduce it in the lung while sparing the kidney.

RNAi broadly and the TRiM platform specifically seem tailormade for this function when the aim is targeted activity against a single-gene long duration of effect and high tissue specificity.

We believe we can do all of those.

The presentation later this month will be our first on the TRiM pulmonary platform and the ENaC program.

We have submitted and planned to submit ARO-ENaC abstracts to additional medical and scientific meetings later this year.

In addition, our plan is to hold an Analyst Day this summer to discuss the lung program and ARO-ENaC in more detail.

We have not yet scheduled that event, but we will announce it when have set the date.

Our expanded capabilities also present the good problem that we or any other company, for that matter.

We'll not have the resources to pursue every opportunity to extract all the value from the TRiM platform by ourselves.

It clearly makes sense to enter into a limited number of strategic partnerships, so the partnerability of the platform is a value driver for us.

Our collaboration with Amgen continues to progress well.

That deal covers 2 cardiovascular targets.

One against lipoprotein(a), which is now referred to as AMG 890; the second, which we call ARO-AMG1, is against an undisclosed target.

Both are wholly licensed to Amgen.

We feel confident that we will do additional partnerships with other companies in the future.

Let's now turn to the most important value-driving category, clinical relevance of the candidates.

During the quarter, we presented clinical data at EASL from ARC-520, a prior generation compound for HBV.

I want to highlight some of those data because they represent what we see as a very encouraging proof-of-concept for the use of RNAi compound in HBV and, therefore, are relevant to our ARO-HBV program.

The poster presentation included follow-up data for patients enrolled in Heparc-2001 multi-dose extension study.

In the study, 8 chronic hepatitis B patients, 5 e-antigen negative and 3 e-antigen positive received up to 9 doses of 4 mg/kg ARC-520 once every 4 weeks with daily entecavir.

Viral DNA, RNA and antigen knockdown were measured at regular intervals.

Patients were monitored for an additional 12 months following the last ARC-520 dose.

Key results include the following: Multiple doses of ARC-520 resulted in s-antigen reductions in all patients by as much as 5.3 logs.

Where measurable multi-log reductions were also seen in e-antigen, core-related antigen, DNA and HBV RNA.

We're pleased to announce that one e-antigen negative patient, while remaining on entecavir, serocleared for all measurable viral markers, including s-antigen, core-related antigen, HBV RNA and HBV DNA.

We believe this will represent a functional cure.

Two out of 3 e-antigen positive and 2 out of 5 e-antigen negative patients or half of the patients in the study achieved productive and sustained host responses.

These were characterized by mild ALT elevations, coinciding with continued reductions in various biomarkers, which persisted after ARC-520 therapy was removed.

Two patients that experienced sustained host responses but had not yet serocleared appear poised to potentially seroclear if the trends in the decrease of viral markers continues.

These are important data that are getting a lot of attention from key opinion leaders in HBV.

We think they suggest that an RNAi compound, like ARO-HBV, has the potential to be a backbone therapy in combinations aimed at achieving a functional cure of HBV.

To us and many KOLs that we interact with, these data look as though ARC-520 treatment may have led to an awakening of the immune system, which is the key requirement for functional cures to occur and be sustained.

Keep in mind, the ARC-520 was designed to be active against all cccDNA-derived mRNA transcripts but missed transcripts from integrated DNA.

ARO-HBV specifically addresses this deficiency, so we are more confident than ever about ARO-HBV, and we are eager to see if this translates into improved patient outcomes.

Lastly, during the quarter, we closed an equity financing with gross proceeds of $60.4 million.

This strengthened our balance sheet so that we can continue to be focused on speed and move our development programs to our key milestones that could represent significant value catalysts.

With that overview, I'd now like to turn the call over to Bruce Given, our CEO and Head of R&D.

Bruce?

Thank you, Chris.

Good afternoon everyone.

Our 2 clinical programs, ARO-AAT and ARO-HBV, are moving forward on the planned schedule without any encountered delays so far.

Our experience from prior clinical programs and relationships with investigators have made it possible to move these programs rapidly.

We are always looking for innovative new ways to do things, and this is certainly true for our clinical trial designs.

As Chris mentioned, our first-in-human study designs for ARO-AAT and ARO-HBV are intended to get to data readouts on safety and activity rapidly and include both single-dose and multiple-dose cohorts.

The single- and multiple-dose phases are designed to run almost in parallel as opposed to sequentially, which could potentially save months from more traditional development time lines for each product.

We view these designs as essentially Phase I/II studies.

Let me illustrate how this is designed to work.

For ARO-HBV, the site will bring in a cohort of healthy volunteers, and each subject will receive a single subcutaneous dose of either ARO-HBV or placebo.

Safety labs through 8 days are collected and reviewed by a safety -- data safety committee or DSC.

If these results are determined to be acceptable by the DSC, they will authorize 2 things: first, the initiation of a multiple-dose cohort of HBV patients at the same dose level; and secondly, escalation and enrollment of another single-dose cohort of healthy volunteers at the next higher dose level.

This same cycle will continue for each additional cohort until we dose-escalate to the predefined top dose level of 400 milligrams.

ARO-AAT is a similar design but will enroll healthy volunteers for both the SAD and MAD portions of the study.

There are a few other minor differences, but the essential design is the same for both candidates.

This means that both programs will potentially have data readouts around the same time if healthy volunteer and patient accrual proceeds at approximately the same pace.

For both candidates protocols call for studying doses of 35, 100, 200, 300 and 400 milligrams.

Using fixed doses instead of scaling on a milligram per kilogram basis will simplify the process for the pharmacists at the sites and reduce the risk of dosage error.

It ultimately may give opportunities for simplified commercial dosage forms, such as prefilled syringes, that make it easier for patient and our physicians to administer the product.

For both candidates, the primary outcome measures are safety and tolerability.

For ARO-AAT, secondary outcome measures include pharmacokinetics, percent change in serum alpha-1 antitrypsin levels and duration of response.

For ARO-HBV, secondary outcome measures include pharmacokinetics and in assessment of the change in all measurable viral markers, including s-antigen, DNA, RNA, e-antigen and core-related antigen.

Both studies began dosing in March, and as I mentioned, they're progressing according to schedule at this point.

For ARO-HBV, we have enrolled and dose the first 3 cohorts of 18 subjects in the single-dose portion of the study at doses of 35, 100 and 200 milligrams.

We have also received clearance from the DSC to begin the multiple-dose portion of the study in HBV patients at the 100-milligram dose.

Patients are being screened and scheduled, and we anticipate that the first patient will be dosed later this week, followed shortly by the rest of the patients in the cohort.

For ARO-AAT, we have enrolled and dosed the first 3 cohorts totaling 20 subjects at doses of 35 and 100 milligrams.

We have received DSC clearance to escalate to 200 milligrams, and we anticipate that cohort will be dosed next week.

We are extremely pleased with the pace of enrollment for both studies and want to thank our clinical operations, manufacturing and program management teams as well as our CRO in clinical sites for all the hard work required to maintain our aggressive schedule.

We are also gratified that the DSCs in both programs have found the accumulated safety information to be acceptable to allow dosage escalation without exception or delay.

It's still very early in both of these studies, but all the results to date build confidence around the candidates and about the potential for the TRiM platform more broadly.

With that brief review of our clinical programs, I'd like to turn the call over to Ken Myszkowski, Arrowhead's Chief Financial Officer.

Ken?

Thank you, Bruce, and good afternoon, everyone.

As we reported today, our net loss for the quarter ended March 31, 2018, was $14.9 million or $0.18 per share based on 84.1 million weighted average shares outstanding.

This compares with a net loss of $6 million or $0.08 per share based on 74.6 million weighted average shares outstanding for the quarter ended March 31, 2017.

Revenue for the quarter ended March 31, 2018, was $700,000 compared to $9 million for the quarter ended March 31, 2017.

Revenue was lower because revenue from the $30 million upfront payment received from Amgen for the ARO-LPA called AMG 890 agreement was fully recognized in October 2017.

Revenue in the current period primarily relates to the recognition of a portion of the $5 million upfront payment received from Amgen for the ARO-AMG1 agreement.

Of the total upfront payments of $35 million, all but $1.3 million has been recognized as revenue to date, and the remainder is anticipated to be recognized over the next 6 months.

Total operating expenses for the quarter ended March 31, 2018, were $15.7 million compared to $15.1 million for the quarter ended March 31, 2017.

This slight increase is primarily due to drug manufacturing and toxicity study costs for our ARO-AAT and ARO-HBV candidates, partially offset by reduced clinical costs as we were closing down our discontinued candidates in the prior period.

Net cash used in operating activities during the quarter ended March 31, 2018, was $15.4 million compared with net cash used by operating activities of $14.3 million during the quarter ended March 31, 2017.

This slight increase was also driven by increased drug manufacturing and toxicity study costs for ARO-AAT and ARO-HBV candidates.

Turning to our balance sheet.

Our cash and short-term investments totaled $91.5 million at March 31, 2018, compared to $65.6 million at September 30, 2017.

In January '18, we completed an equity financing issuing 11.5 million shares, which resulted in $56.6 million in net cash proceeds to the company.

Our common shares outstanding at March 31, 2018, were 87.6 million.

With that brief overview, I will now turn the call back to Chris.

Thanks, Ken.

As you've heard, we've accomplished a lot in the last 4 months -- and I'm sorry, we have accomplished a lot in the first 4 months of the year and have already begun answering key questions.

We expect the remainder of 2018 to be even more productive.

Here are a few key goals we have for the rest of the year.

One, we anticipate that we will complete dosing in both ARO-HBV and ARO-AAT first-in-human studies.

As Bruce mentioned, the studies are progressing well.

So what does that mean for timing of data readouts?

We hope that we will have a meaningful amount of data for both programs to submit late-breaking abstracts for AASLD.

If accepted, that would mean presentations on one or both programs at the liver meeting in November.

The timing of that is tight so we cannot guarantee that we will make the deadline, but that is our goal.

Two, we are on schedule to file CTAs by the end of the year for ARO-APOC3, ARO-ANG3 and ARO-ENaC.

Three, we intend to provide more data on ARO-ENaC and the expansion of our TRiM platform into diseases of the lung.

This includes presentations at multiple medical and scientific meetings throughout the year and in Arrowhead-hosted Analyst Day in the summer to discuss the pulmonary platform in detail.

Four, exploit opportunities to maximize the value of our technology through partnering and collaborations.

This will potentially allow us to focus our internal development on a select number of our lead candidates and also give us exposure to additional high-value opportunities that may be beyond the reach of our current resources.

And five, present data on our various pipeline products and our TRiM platform through medical and scientific meetings and through publications in peer review journals.

This is indeed a big year for us.

Thanks, again, for joining us today.

I would now like to open the call to your questions.

Operator?

(Operator Instructions) Our first question comes the line of Maury Raycroft with Jefferies.

This is Vesna on for Maury today.

I have a couple of questions for Chris and Bruce if possible.

First one would be on your ongoing HBV program.

Thank you so much for the details on the doses.

That's -- and the cohorts.

That is very helpful.

So if I've heard correctly, you're about to dose the first patients later this week.

And then are you going to open additional sites or only the sites that are currently listed in the clinicaltrials.gov and will be planning on opening any U.S. sites for the HBV program?

Bruce, you want to take that?

Yes, sure.

So I have to admit I haven't looked at the clinicaltrials.gov site lately to see if all of our sites are listed there.

But the sites for this particular trial are in New Zealand, Australia and Hong Kong.

And most, if not all, of those sites are active at this point.

And we have screening going on right now at several of the sites for HBV.

All of the normal volunteers are done at a single site in New Zealand, but the HBV screening is quite active at this point.

So that's the plan.

We're not planning on bringing this particular study into the U.S. I'm sure that we would hope that enrollment would be completed probably before we could actually get up and running in the U.S. in any case.

Got it.

That makes sense.

And then I would have a question about the other program, the AAT program.

You gave a lot of clarity on the first trial on the healthy volunteers.

Do you -- can you provide any guidance at this point when will you start treating patients?

And what results of the initial trial would lead to that decision?

You want me to go again?

So the -- as we said here in describing the current trial, this trial is just normal volunteers.

The reason for that is because we learned in the ARC-AAT program with our prior technology that normal volunteers predicted patient responses for both depth and duration of knockdown very well, and of course, normal volunteers are much handier to recruit.

So we felt very comfortable that, that was a good surrogate.

So we would expect that our next trial -- certainly, our next broad-based trial will be inpatients, and it would likely follow the current trial.

So I don't think we're likely to be inpatients -- certainly, our current plan would not have us inpatients before 2019.

And our next question comes from the line of Katherine Xu with William Blair.

This is Roland on for Katherine.

Can you talk a little bit about your plans after the data for ARO-HBV and ARO-AAT at near end; and secondly, about the progress of toxicology for each?

Want to take that?

Okay.

So our chronic toxicology studies are underway for both programs.

So the plan would be that around the time these 2 studies both end, we would be unrestrained with respect to the duration of trials we could use going forward.

So assuming that both of the programs that we don't have surprises and that the results are positive, and that's always a big assumption in clinical development, but assuming everything is go, we would expect that future trials would all be inpatients.

And that they would be -- in the case of HBV, we would be doing trials presumably in combination with other agents, trying to find the recipe that would result in functional cure.

So we would be looking for functional cure, I think, going forward in future trials in HBV.

And in AAT, we would be inpatients, and we would be looking for the ability to bring appropriate changes on biopsy, I think, in inpatients treated with ARO-AAT for longer-term trials.

And for AAT, I think what we're going to find out this year is what our dose level is.

And also, I think we'll have a good idea about dosing frequency.

We are expecting the HBV will be dosed monthly because we think that probably deeper knockdown is better -- is -- the deepest knockdown we can get is probably best for HBV.

For AAT, we'll see if that's monthly dosing or less frequently.

Yes.

It could well be quarterly or possibly even less frequent than that.

We'll just have to wait and see.

And our next question comes from Keay Nakae with Chardan.

For the 2 current programs, if you are not able to meet the deadline for AASLD, what's the plan for releasing that data?

Could you just simply give those at press release?

Yes.

So that's hard to say because -- I don't know.

It's hard to address that's hypothetical because I don't know how much data we'll have should we miss that deadline.

So our hope and, frankly, our plan at this point is to have sufficient data to give us a shot at a late-breaker for AASLD.

Given how we are enrolling these 2 studies so far, we feel good that we've got a good shot at that, and so that's our plan.

Now should that not work out, we'll have to -- we'll make it audible at that point.

But right now, it's our plan to not have those studies finished but have enough data generated that we will have an interesting enough late-breaker abstract that could be accepted.

Okay.

And then going down to the recent EASL bid for 520, what is the plan or protocol for any further or continued follow-up with those patients, especially the 2 who appeared to be trending towards perhaps seroconversion?

Yes.

they continue to be followed by the principal investigator.

Yes, they're not technically on study at this point.

They're just -- the clinical -- the principal investigator is continuing to follow them and has consent to continue to give us their results.

But I -- they're in routine care in many ways at this point, so I think we'll continue to be able to follow them over time as long as they stay under the care of the PI.

How far out were those 2 patients, who were trending positively?

Well, they all stopped treatment around the same time, which is around November of 2016 or so.

So they're -- at this point, they're almost out 1.5 years.

Our next question is from Patrick Dolezal with LifeSci Capital.

So just on the ARC-520 data presented at EASL, can you just provide us with a little more context on the importance of observing the first patient experience seroclearance many weeks after the association of treatment?

Yes.

Well, I think the thing that was interesting in the data, Patrick, is that what we saw in looking at these patients, who are followed so closely, is we picked up signs of the host immune system responding as early as after a single dose.

And then we saw episodes of the host responding to treatment on therapy and then once the therapy was discontinued.

So the -- sometimes, people lose track of what the goal is in HBV.

The goal of treatment in HBV with all of these drugs that are being developed is not to do what you do with HCV, where you take the virus literally down to 0 in the body.

That's not the goal here.

The goal here instead is to suppress the virus enough that the host immune system comes back and takes over to produce seroclearance and then to provide a durable response.

And for instance, it's easy for people to forget, but interferon, most of the functional cures that occurred in interferon tended to occur in year 2 or year 3. Now our hope is -- with more effective drugs and, for instance, with RNAi that not only targets cccDNA but also targets integrated, our hope is that these drugs will be effective enough that we'll see the host come back even faster and produce seroclearance events with shorter durations, finite therapy even on -- while therapy is ongoing.

But at this point, just showing that it was possible with these new therapies and these new approaches to create an environment where the host could actually seroclear a patient was a big deal to the HBV investigators and is considered to be an important milestone with these new agents that are coming along.

And that integrated DNA story is an important one.

All of those patients that we were -- well, in all 8 of those patients will have had integrated DNA that was -- that it was capable of transcribing for s-antigen.

So there was going to be a floor below which we could not go with ARC-520 because it was not going to knock down any of that s-antigen coming off of integrated DNA.

So we're really -- and even with that, we saw an evidence of a sustained host response in half of those patients, and so we're really excited to see what happens when you just crush the virus and you turn off all sources of s-antigen.

Yes.

I guess that's right.

I guess that the thing that was really also very important here is that half of these patient showed that the host immune system was there to wake up, and that's not been clear with interferon therapy and especially with nuke therapy.

It's not been clear how many patients we could actually get to a point that their immune system should wake up.

That's a big topic in the field as immune exhaustion and what's it going to take for these immune systems to show life.

And to see signs of life in half of the patients was, I think, a surprise.

A seroclearance is a very important event, but Chris is right that the fact that half of patients showed immune reawakening, I think, was a big surprise and again very important in the field.

(Operator Instructions) Our next question is from the line of Madhu Kumar with B. Riley FBR.

This is Jennifer on for Madhu.

First, what -- first one, thinking about the recently presented ARC-520 data with multi-lock reduction and viral biomarkers off the RNAi therapy versus competitors that's all viral biomarkers rebound off RNA therapy.

What do you think the key differences that explain the diversions in off RNAi response?

Namely to what extent do you think degree of HBV knockdown contributes versus the need for steroid with certain delivery of acids?

And then the second question is what types of treatment protocols have you considered for later-stage studies, assuming some degree of antiviral biomarker activity in the Phase I/II?

Namely, would you be more likely to pursue chronic treatments over a 6- to 12-month dosing period, a more acute stop & shock type approach or both?

Well, I guess, it's always hard to come in on other people's work, but I do think that what stands out about ARC-520 to this day in these naïve patients that we treated in the extension is nobody has come close to the level of sort of a viral perturbation that we were able to cause, and I do believe that it is important to hit the virus very hard.

So I do think that, that's going to be important.

As we move into this phase now where we start doing combination therapy to try to get functional cure, I think it's important to hit the virus everywhere.

And that's part of why we think RNAi is going to be a cornerstone therapy.

We don't think it's enough just to hit the virus hard, for instance, with core or just hit it hard with DNA or even just hit it hard with s-antigen.

We think we have to really take on the virus everywhere it lives.

Every protein it makes has important impact in its viral life cycle, everything the virus tries to do.

And now we know even integration is probably a very important evolutionary part of the viral game plan.

So we think it's important to hit the virus very hard, and we think that's a key differentiator across products.

As far as this next phase of...

Before you go ahead, let me just add one final point on that.

So I view this in 3 ways.

One, as Bruce says, I think that we -- that -- the extension for ARC-520, we saw a deeper knockdown of these biomarkers than has been shown by a competitive RNAi therapeutic.

Second, we expect to see even better knockdown with ARO-HBV because we are knocking down both integrated s-antigen coming from integrated DNA as well cccDNA.

So I think we're going to have a bigger club on the competitors.

Second, you brought up this issue of steroid pretreatment.

We don't -- as you know, it sounds like we don't require steroid pretreatment given the TRiM platform.

We think that is enormously important because it doesn't make much sense to us that you are attempting to wake up the immune system at the same time that you are giving steroids to delve immune system.

And so we just don't think that's going to work.

We don't have that problem.

We don't need to give steroids.

We don't believe.

And then finally, just to put a slightly final point to what Bruce said about knocking down every aspect of the virus, ARO-HBV is designed to silence everything that virus makes.

We think all those are important.

And let me just call out X antigen.

I think that there is increasingly interesting information coming out about the importance of X antigen, and we know we're quite careful to make sure that we knock that down.

And at least in animal models, we feel confident that we do, and we expect to knock that down in humans as well.

And I think as you look at competitors, I think that's a key differentiator.

I think you got to look to X antigen.

I think that it's potentially quite important that you knock that down, and we believe that we're going to.

Anyway...

Yes.

And then I think to get to your second question, which I think was a very insightful question, by the way, is it's -- the neat thing about HBV is that because the basal -- the baseline rate of functional cure in any sort of reasonable duration of time, let's say, 6 to 12 months or whatever, is essentially zero.

We can do small cohorts of patients, 8 to 10 patients, and look for recipes that work.

And because of that, we could be pretty agnostic about what the combinations are, but you also raised the point of will there be some interesting looking regimens, where you pretreat with one drug and then you do combination and then you maybe have be an off period and then you, hit them again or -- and it's possible that we will see some exotic approaches in the coming couple of years as we -- as people really try to digest what we saw with ARC-520, for instance, and what we start to see in other programs, and what we're even seeing in the discontinuation work that people are doing after chronic nukes, for instance.

So that was a pressing question, I think, and I believe that if we may wind up doing some exotic things as well as we try to find that right recipe to really drive the functional cures at the field is going to be looking for over the next few years.

And also keep in mind that the current study that we think will be -- will complete enrolling this year, is a 3-dose study, and so it is possible that some of those patients could enroll in an extension sometime in 2019 should we have that to allow them to continue dosing.

But there will almost certainly or probably all those patients and certainly most of them, there almost certainly will be a holiday before we have prime talks coverage to initiate any kind of extension study.

And so we'll have some data around that, I think, towards the end of this year and then in -- early in 2019, what happens when you hit the virus hard and then you go off therapy.

I think we'll -- I think we may see some interesting data coming out of that.

I'm not showing any further questions.

I'll now turn the call back over to Chris Anzalone for closing remarks.

Right.

Thanks, everyone, for joining the call today, and we will talk to you soon.

Ladies and gentlemen, this does conclude the program, and you may now disconnect.

Everyone, have a great day.