Aptose Biosciences Inc (APTO) 2021 Q1 法說會逐字稿

Good afternoon. My name is Tino, and I will be your conference operator today. I would like to welcome everyone to the Aptose Biosciences Conference Call for first quarter ended March 31, 2021.

(Operator Instructions)

As a reminder, this conference call may be recorded. I would like to introduce Ms. Susan Pietropaolo. Please go ahead.

Thank you, Tino. Good afternoon, and welcome to the Aptose Biosciences conference call to discuss financial and operational results for the first quarter ended March 31, 2021. I am Susan Pietropaolo, a Communications Representative for Aptose Biosciences. Joining me on the call today are Dr. William G. Rice, Chairman, President and CEO; Dr. Joti Marango, Senior Vice President, Chief Financial Officer and Chief Business Officer; and Dr. Rafael Bejar, Senior Vice President, Chief Medical Officer.

Before we proceed, I would like to remind everyone that certain statements made during this call will include forward-looking statements within the meaning of U.S. and Canadian securities laws. Forward-looking statements reflect Aptose's current expectations regarding future events but are not guarantees of performance, and it is possible that actual results and performance could differ materially from these stated expectations. They involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and assumptions that may cause actual results, performance and achievements to differ materially from those expressed. To learn more about these risks and uncertainties, please read the risk factors set forth in Aptose's most recent annual report on Form 10-K and SEC and SEDAR filings.

All forward-looking statements made during this call speak only as of the date they are made. Aptose undertakes no obligation to revise or update the statements to reflect events or circumstances after the date of this call, except as required by law. I will now turn the call over to Dr. Rice, Chairman, President and CEO of Aptose Biosciences. Dr. Rice?

Thank you, Susan. I'd like to welcome everyone to our call for the first quarter ended March 31, 2021. We continue to execute on our plan to develop first-in-class precision treatment for hematologic malignancies, and we understand that building the right team and creating transformational medicines is a deliberate and comprehensive process and not merely a flash in the pan.

Regarding the team, we're very pleased to announce today the appointment of our new Chief Financial Officer, Dr. Joti Marango, who with the support of a superb internal finance and accounting team, already has stepped into this role seamlessly. With his research analyst background, knowledge of capital markets and banking practices and Wall Street insight, Joti was the ideal candidate and a natural fit for this leadership position. And Joti will be maintaining as Chief Business Officer role. You can read more about Joti's background in our press release today as well as on our website.

In addition to Joti, we also recently highlighted the appointment of Dr. Yuying Jin as our Vice President of Biometrics, as well as Dr. George Melko as our Vice President of Regulatory Affairs; and Dr. Rob Killion as our Vice President of Chemistry Manufacturing and Controls.

All of these executives are highly experienced and skilled, and we're proud they have joined Aptose to help build that right team of essential skill sets for the future. Because our last call was just a few weeks ago, and because we have the European Hematology Association, or EHA, conference, ahead of us in just a month, today, we will provide you with a very brief clinical update.

As you know, our plan of data disclosure for the past, present and future is to present updated quantitative data at EHA in June and then around the American Society of Hematology, or ASH, meeting later in the year in December.

So we have been and will continue to execute on our goal to release the continuum of clinical data at the 2 premier hematology medical meetings throughout the year, EHA and ASH. Regarding EHA, we recently were notified that all 3 abstracts that we submitted have been accepted for virtual poster presentations, one for each of our ongoing clinical trials.

Again, as I've mentioned prior, those abstracts were merely placeholders. They were submitted early in this year with data reflecting what was known this past December in 2020. However, at EHA, we plan to present all available data from all patients and all dose levels enrolled in our clinical trials. As we continue to deliver on our dose escalation studies, we'll have the opportunity to place more patients on drug and over longer periods of time. Being able to treat more patients at higher dose levels will continue to inform us on the clinical profile and overall value of luxeptinib, also referred to as CG-806 or just lux, and we look forward to providing those further updates at EHA and then in the second half of '21 during ASH.

And finally, the company is on track, as our clinical trials continue to see strong patient flow and enrollment as we move through dose escalations. Now I'll ask Dr. Rafael Bejar, our Chief Medical Officer, to provide an overview of our clinical activities. Raf?

Thank you, Bill. Aptose has 3 ongoing clinical trials, 2 studies of a kinase inhibitor, luxeptinib, or lux, 1 in patients with acute myeloid leukemia, or AML, and the other in patients with B-cell cancers. And the third trial with our MYC repressor APTO-253 in patients with AML and MDS.

I'll start by talking about APTO-253. Our MYC inhibitor APTO-253 is being tested in a Phase I a/b trial, relapsed/refractory AML and high-risk MDS patients. More than 40 years have passed since the discovery of MYC oncogene estimated to contribute to at least 75% of all human cancers, and research and development efforts since that time have not yielded a clinically useful MYC inhibitor, largely because of the inability to selectively and effectively target the MYC protein.

As a direct inhibitor of MYC transcription, APTO-253 represents a novel approach for targeting this oncogenic pathway. I'm happy to report that we have completed the fifth dosing cohort of patients in the 150-milligram per meter square dose level of APTO-253. And we've begun enrolling patients in the sixth dose cohort at 210 milligrams per meter square.

We're pleased that our Clinical Safety Review Committee, or CSRC, favored escalation of the dose in our Phase I trial. APTO-253 is beginning to peak interest, and we're eager to see where it will take us.

Now moving on to luxeptinib. Lux is like no other drug commercialized or in development. It is the only non-clinical agent that potently inhibits both FLT3 and BTK with a precision that avoids known targets that are often associated with toxicity, giving a broad therapeutic potential across the spectrum of lymphoid and myeloid hematologic malignancies.

As we mentioned in our last call, we completed 4 dose levels in our Phase I trial of luxeptinib in B-cell malignancies, including chronic lymphocytic leukemia, or CLL, and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, or NHL, who have failed or are intolerant to current therapies. Thus far, luxeptinib has been well tolerated in patients treated at 150 milligrams, 300 milligrams, 450 milligrams and 600 milligrams twice a day over multiple cycles. And dosing has continued with no concerning drug-related safety trends to date, including in the expanded 750-milligram dose cohort, a dose at which we continue to treat newly enrolled patients.

In parallel, we are backfilling patients at doses below the 750-milligram dose level and we hope to dose escalate those patients to 750 milligrams when that level is shown to be safe. For more specific information on the B-cell malignancy trial and the clinical sites that are enrolling patients, please visit clinicaltrials.gov. So now on to luxeptinib in AML. With distinctive kinase selectivity, lux potently and simultaneously suppresses FLT3 and additional oncogenic signaling pathways upon which AML cancer cells rely for survival and drug resistance, which is why AML has always been a primary focus in our clinical plan.

It's important to remind you that all of the patients in our AML trial, similar to our B-cell trial are relapsed and refractory patients who have already been treated with the best currently available therapeutics. In the case of patients with FLT3 mutations, often referred to as being FLT3 positive or mutant, the majority will have progressed after treatment with multiple FLT3 inhibitors, including gilteritinib, midostaurin, crenolanib, quizartinib and sorafenib, as well as a host of other treatments, such as induction and consolidation chemotherapy, multiple cycles of hypomethylating agents and drugs like venetoclax and other investigational drugs. Even patients that have undergone allogeneic stem cell transplants are eligible for our study.

So the patient population is highly heterogenous and tough to treat. In our last call, we reported promising antileukemic activity for luxeptinib, which is driving enthusiasm among our investigators. This early antileukemic activity demonstrates lux is an active drug, but now we need to dose escalate as rapidly as possible in an effort to achieve greater drug exposures to act on multiple targets and pathways that may affect a broader population of AML patients with diverse genetic and epigenetic backgrounds.

Towards this goal, we reported in the last call, we had completed the 450-milligram BID dose cohort and had initiated dosing in the second cohort receiving 600 milligrams BID. AML patients are now being treated in the 600-milligram BID dose level. And to date, the drug has been well tolerated in this patient population. Indeed, we continue to find that lux is generally well tolerated with no toxicity signals or trends to date, and we believe could prevent further dose escalation. This tolerability profile is very important because it's allowing us to reach higher dose levels that hopefully could treat the heterogeneity of diverse relapsed/refractory AML patients.

For more information on the AML trial and clinical sites that are recruiting patients, please visit clinicaltrials.gov. We're pleased by the progress across our clinical programs and that the safety and tolerability of both drug candidates, luxeptinib and APTO-253 are along dose escalation in all 3 of our ongoing trials. As we treat more patients with higher doses, we are generating additional pharmacokinetic and pharmacologic data, we look forward to providing further updates at the EHA and ASH meetings this year. I will now turn the call over to Dr. Joti Marango, our Chief Financial Officer and Chief Business Officer, who will review financial results for the first quarter. Joti?

Thank you, Raf, and good afternoon, everyone. We ended the quarter with approximately $112 million in cash, cash equivalents and investments compared to $122 million at December 31, 2020. During the quarter, we utilized approximately $10.4 million of cash in operating activities compared with $8.1 million for the same quarter last year.

The increase is attributable to increased activities surrounding lux and 253, and general and administrative purposes. Moving on to the income statement. We had no revenues for the quarter. Research and development expenses were $8.2 million for the quarter compared to $5.9 million for the same quarter last year. The variance was primarily due to an increase in our clinical program costs, including our clinical trial of lux in AML, which did not begin until the fourth quarter of last year.

G&A expenses for the quarter were $8 million compared to $5.9 million for the same quarter last year. This variance was primarily due to an increase in stock-based compensation and an increase in personnel expenses mostly related to new positions. Finally, our net loss for the quarter was $16.2 million or $0.18 per share. More detailed information can be found in our filings on EDGAR and SEDAR. I will now turn the call back over to Dr. Rice. Bill?

Thank you, Joti. As we open the call for questions, please feel free to pose the question to any of us.

(Operator Instructions)

Operator, if you could, please introduce the first question.

(Operator Instructions)

First question comes from the line of John Newman from Canaccord.

John, may be on mute, we're not hearing you. Operator, perhaps you could come back to John in just a few moments. He may be on mute or he may be having difficulty.

Okay. So for your next question, we do have Gregory Renza from RBC Capital Markets.

And looking forward to the update at EHA. Bill, just 1 question with just some layers around sort of the expectations on the data that's coming up with EHA. Perhaps you could just provide that context that we have an appetite for, but also perhaps just reminding us on the backfilling and the intrapatient dose escalation and going below -- the enrollment going below the 750 mg BID. Just curious if you can remind us of the rationale there and how we should sort of think about that being laid out for us and for the scientific community during the conference? And then lastly, related to that, just how important, Bill, is this for the trajectory of the company, the update that we're anticipating, especially having data in AML as well as with the CLL, NHL trial?

All right. Thanks, Greg. And I'm glad your line is working there. A couple of things. You asked about the layers around expectations.

We're trying to be very careful. What we're telling everybody is what we disclosed at our prior earnings call around the clinical trials was all that we're providing until we get to EHA. All the quantitative data will be provided EHA for around all the clinical trials. Most people are interested in luxeptinib, or lux, and we'll present all the data at that time for both the B-cell malignancy trial as well as the AML trial.

So your other question was in terms of backfilling. So in the B-cell malignancy trial, we are dosing patients at 750 milligrams BID. That's in the dose escalation portion of the trial. But in addition, we are backfilling. We drop back to -- so at this point, 600 milligrams has been determined to be a safe dose. So we dropped down one dose below that and began treating patients at 450 milligrams and it's a way that we can compare 2 generations of our formulation.

The first generation, G1, is a hand filled capsule, but in order to be able to supply for the trial going into the future, we had to create the machine filled capsules. We call that G2. So we treat the patients for 2 weeks with one, 2 weeks with the other, evaluate the pharmacokinetic properties and then providing everything goes well, we move the patients up to 600 milligrams. So that provides us with actually 2 strategies. One is to get more patients on study and also to compare the G1 and the G2 formulations as we go forward.

And then in terms of EHA, you had asked me about the importance of it. What we try to emphasize is we do not see any particular meeting as a binary decision. We try to present a continuum of data throughout EHA and then going into the second half of the year into ASH. So we'll present all the data that we do have for all patients, all clinical trials, all dose levels, both at EHA and then as we get into the higher dose levels for longer periods of time, we'll present that at ASH later in the year.

Next question comes from the line of Alethia Young from Cantor Fitzgerald.

This is Emily on for Alethia. I was wondering, as you're now dosing the 600-milligram dose group in the AML study, how are you seeing the dose response there? And do you have any updates on what you're thinking as the appropriate dose levels moving forward?

So we're providing no information on that dose level at this time because we feel as though we may actually be under embargo because the -- all of the abstracts have been accepted for EHA. So we're just trying to be careful about that. So we're not providing any additional data until we get to the EHA. And in terms of what the final dose level will be, we will continue to dose escalate as long as the drug is well tolerated. Thus far as Dr. Bejar mentioned, it has been well tolerated. We don't see any reasons at least at this point in time that we would need to limit the dose escalation. And at the point that we can identify a maximum tolerated dose or a dose that we believe is biologically effective and safe. We'll then select that then for a Phase II dose to move forward. Dr. Bejar, did you want to add anything to that in the trial?

No, I think that's exactly accurate, Bill.

Your next question comes from the line of Matt Biegler from Oppenheimer.

Joti, congrats on the new expanded role. I guess, kind of a broad strategy question here, and I don't want to jump the gun, Bill, but given that there are already at least a couple of FLT3 inhibitors on the market. Do you think there's an avenue for accelerated approval of luxeptinib based on response rates alone, maybe in an expanded variation of this trial? Or maybe just kind of more broadly, how do you think about the development strategy going forward?

Matt, thanks for calling in. So I'll mention -- I'll respond briefly, and then I'll ask both Joti and Raf if they want to jump in. As we look at the patients that come on to these trials, these relapsed refractory patients, as Dr. Bejar mentioned, they have failed essentially everything. So what we'll be looking for are subpopulations of patients that we can identify either genetically or phenotypically that we hope will be responsive to the drug and that we could then move forward toward the more rapid path of approval. So the way to do that is if we can identify multiple patients then that respond to that subgroup and then take them into an expanded Phase I dose expansion.

And then if all goes well there, then you can move into the registrational studies. But yes, we definitely believe those types of patients are available. And it just -- we have to show the activity as a single agent of our drug at that time. And I'll ask also Joti and Dr. Bejar if they want to add to that.

Dr. Bejar?

Sure. I would echo the statement there is that one thing we're not seeing is a lack of patients on study. There certainly are patients that need additional therapies beyond those things that are already available out there. So the fact that there are other FLT3 inhibitors out there has not really yet at that need. I think we do have the opportunity to find patients to treat. And I think if that is successful and goes well, there certainly is a path forward in that regard.

And nothing to add from me. Thank you for the kind words, Matt. Perhaps I will only say that since we are still in a dose escalation study, and have not yet even moved -- identified a final dose or designed and communicated anything about expansion cohort. I would say that we are still in the early innings here. So at this point, I'll just second what Raf and Bill mentioned about the path forward.

Next question comes from the line of Matthew Cross from Alliance Global.

And looking forward to a busy month of EHA and ASCO in June. I guess between this call and your last, we've kind of covered the basis on expectations for lux at EHA but I'll ask about APTO-253. And as that could use to advance in the clinic, a little bit more behind the scenes. I was wondering if you could shed any kind of further light on the direction for that program? Because you presented some pretty interesting data hinting at pharmacologic activity. And now in the fifth cohort without any noteworthy safety signals, I was wondering if you could kind of recap what you view as the progress mark you're hoping to reach before finding the path forward here to consider combinations or expansion studies and so forth. I don't know if -- Bill, you mentioned whether we would see some of a data update on 253 at EHA as well. But wanted to get kind of an update on that.

And given that I think we're seeing some increased interest in targeting MYC with CDK-9 inhibitors out there and other modalities, I was curious if 253 is becoming a little bit more of a priority while the lux trials press ahead.

All right. Matt, good to hear from you again. So yes, in terms of 253, we do have an abstract that's been accepted presentation of EHA. We do plan to present the data. We even mentioned today that we have completed the dose level 5, and we're moving into dose level 6. We continue to follow the pharmacokinetics of the molecule. And what we're hoping to see is a couple of things. One is that we get extended exposure over multiple days. Remember, this is dosed once weekly, and we're hoping to see that the pharmacokinetics maintain higher exposure levels over the period of 2 to 3 days.

We've already seen an increase we moved up from dose level -- for the dose level 5, and we hope that continues. We've also said that in the past, we have seen productions of MYC.

One of the things that we have to look over here is what we do is we collect a total PBMC fraction from patients at different times. And we look at it before treatment after treatment to evaluate the MYC expression. So hopefully, in the future, we'll be able to -- or at least we're trying to develop methodologies that allow us to look at the malignant cells themselves rather than just looking at a mixture of normal and malignant cells.

We have seen reductions in MYC. We hope to be able to see that continue as we dose escalate. But yes, we remain excited about 253. And you're right, there is a growing interest in MYC because it's involved in so many malignant and some of the other inhibitors out there that we're hopefully -- are targeting MYC. We're actually targeting it through indirect means. And I know they have associated toxicities. We're hoping this drug, which is a direct repressor of the MYC gene, and show activity, show reductions in MYC sustaining levels in the plasma.

And then we'll have to see what a MYC inhibitor does because no one truly understands what a pure MYC inhibitor can do in the clinic. Is it going to deliver single agent responses? We hope so. But even if it does not, then it could be a molecule that could be used in combination, most likely. So that's where we are in our thinking, and we'll present the data that we have at EHA. And thank you for the question. And perhaps Dr. Bejar might want to add to that?

Again, I'd echo what you've said, Bill. I think MYC is a really attractive target. And I would also say that while we are now in the 6 dose cohort, we have several other cohorts above that, that we could go to with the current protocol. So we will have the opportunity to explore even higher dose levels. And we look forward to seeing what we find there.

It's a really good point.

Your next question comes from the line of Soumit Roy from Jones Trading.

Congrats again, Joti, for extended role you're getting into. One question on the physicians as you are in the -- from the AML trial, what is the trend among the physicians? Are they going to -- the CR patients, would they go towards transplant within a month or 2? Or what has been your conversation with the physicians? What they intend to do with these patients?

And the second is you have alluded previously that the elderly patients in earlier lines FLT3 mutant elderly AML patients, there is no single agent drug approved for these patients. Do you see your drug migrating to that elderly patient as a monotherapy? Or you would think that would be a combination with AZA then? Just any thoughts.

All right. Thanks, Soumit. So first of all, everyone keeps congratulating Joti so -- for doubling up his work. So we thank him also. I'll just congratulate and thank him. Yes. So let me also mention the -- so you brought up the elderly FLT3 mutant population, no single agent drug that's approved. We are very hopeful that our drug will show activity in that patient population. As you mentioned, it's very difficult-to-treat these patients. We hope to see single-agent activity, but then ultimately, all drugs are going to be used in combination for that patient population as well as others.

And so I'm going to ask Dr. Bejar to both expand on that and also address your question about the AML trial when you get CRs and the possibility of transplants.

Yes. Thanks, Bill. I think you're exactly right in the sense that as we move forward with therapies and AML, combination is where we're going to end up, particularly in the front line, it's going to be very similar, I think, to the situation of multiple myeloma, now that they have several drugs available in different classes, certain combinations make absolute sense. We know for AML, in particular, it might be even more important to try to achieve deeper missions early, especially patients are capable of receiving consolidation therapy like allogeneic transplant. So we don't think that single-agent activity is going to be the future of upfront treatment in AML. You're going to want drugs that have low toxicity profiles that we'll be able to combine nicely with other agents that are already active in the disease to allow for the safe combinations that might put patients into a deeper, more sustained, perhaps even curative remission in that first-line of therapy.

Patients who are relapsed or refractory, unfortunately, are not only much more difficult to treat, they tend to be resistant to so many drugs that the only real consolidation therapy that makes a big difference in these patients' lives is allogeneic transplant. So on our study, if a patient were to achieve a CR and they were eligible for a subsequent transplant. They would certainly move in that direction. This isn't guidance that we give necessarily. This is what the investigators are prone to do, and it's appropriate. However, many patients on our study that are eligible to participate are not necessarily good candidates for allogenic transplant.

So those patients would need to have a continued therapy to keep them in remission for as long as possible. And hopefully, that lasts a substantial amount of time since they won't have a likely curative consolidation option available to them.

So patients will be offered transplant if they can. And if they can't, they'll continue on steady as long as they can.

Your next question comes from the line of John Newman from Canaccord.

Sorry that I missed you before. I apologize if this question has already been asked. The question I have is, just curious, Bill, regarding the luxeptinib work in AML, if the plan here is to dose expand a cohort when you see additional responses or additional activity, or do you just plan to continue to dose escalate until -- as some potential limitation on safety? Just kind of curious as to how you're thinking about that.

Yes. Thanks, John. I'm glad you got your line fixed. So no one else had asked that question. So as we've mentioned earlier, it's a 3x3 study in which you have to have 3 patients. Remember, we started not at the very lowest dose of 150. We actually started at 450 dose that we thought might have activity. And from that point on, it's 3x3 . So you have to have 3 patients that have completed safely the 2018 trial.

But we also have the ability to put additional patients on there. And we did that for the purpose of trying to get as much data as we can as quickly as possible. But I think what's more important is to remember that these deep relapsed/refractory patients it's much more than just FLT3 that drives these patients, it's other pathways. So we're very happy that we saw response at the 450-milligram dose level. It all comes down to the right drug, right dose to the right patient. And so that patient had responded. But then going forward, you want to get as much drug into the patients as you possibly can to hit as many of these pathways. And so we're trying to get to the higher dose levels as rapidly as possible.

We want to make sure we do so safely. But we're going to try to continue to dose escalate as quickly as we can. And hopefully, we'll be able to see additional responses as we get to the higher dose levels. So the concept of possibly backfilling, and we've seen other trials that do that.

For instance, you might have looked at the gilteritinib trial, in which they expanded out of each trial at each dose level where they saw a response. That was in a very different patient population at the time. None of those patients had ever in the past, seen a FLT3 inhibitor, never failed them, so the patients we're getting now are much more refractory to a variety of different drugs. So we want to get as much drug as we can in possibly. And I'm going to ask Dr. Bejar to expand on that.

Yes, I can. So the gilteritinib trial, it's a good example, some of the patients have seen midostaurin in frontline, but none have seen the FLT3 inhibitor in the relapsed/refractory setting, which, of course, many patients now would receive the standard of care. So it is a very different patient population. And then to -- remind me of the other part of the question, Bill?

Well, it's just -- do we plan to continue to dose escalate? Are we just going to stand out...

Yes. So there's 2 aspects of that. I think one is -- Bill's point was exactly right that FLT3 may not be the only target that matters and that the additional targets may be important, and those may have different drug response relationships. So pushing to higher dose levels may actually see differences in the eventual outcome for patients. We want to be able to explore that even for this FLT3 mutant patient.

And of course, for the FLT3 wild type patients that are also eligible for our study, higher doses of drug may be necessary to target those oncogenic pathways that are targeted by lux. And we wouldn't want to miss out on the opportunity to explore that simply because we started seeing responses, for example, in patients that might have FLT3 mutations. So we want to be able to dose escalate as long as it is safe when we're seeing increased exposures to higher dose levels that might necessarily be the first ones where we start to see any sort of activity.

Yes. And just to remind everybody, even the patients with FLT3 wild type, very often, they'll have overexpression of FLT3 or they'll be responding to an overexpression of the FLT3 ligand. And so we're fully hopeful that those patients also would be able to respond because our drug does inhibit the wild type patients. John, thank you for the question.

Just one additional question, if I may.

Yes. It's just difficult to hear you.

Sorry. Just one additional question, if I may. I'm not sure that this would be necessary, but does the design of the study allow for dose interruptions or dose reductions? And then also, is the study allow for that dose to be reescalated if necessary. Just curious if you have those types of -- that type of flexibility built into the study, just in case you need to adjust the dose maybe temporarily and then keep the patients on drug?

That's something that -- yes, please go ahead, Raf.

I can tackle that. Often, when you have a patient who experiences with toxicity, there's uncertainty as to whether it's drug-related or not. The drug is appropriately held or reduced in dose until that can be determined. If that toxicity resolves quickly or it turns out that with further study wasn't related to the drug, it wouldn't make sense to penalize that patient. And we do have the capability to allow them to redose escalate. And we also have the ability to alter or hold the dose if patients take interacting medications or things of that nature. So there is a flexibility both into the study.

And I'm currently showing no further questions. I will now turn the call over back to Dr. Rice for closing remarks.

All right. Well, thanks, everyone, for joining us this afternoon. Although we have a lot of work ahead of us, we are very gratified by the progress of our 2 clinical programs, luxeptinib and APTO-253, and that we've been able to recruit new patients and to escalate the dosing in our clinical trials rapidly. That momentum continues. We look -- and we look ahead to what promises to be a very exciting year for Aptose. We also want to thank the clinical team, our investigators and our patients for their help in this important work. We also appreciate the support of our shareholders and analysts, and we look forward to updating you on our progress next month. Thank you, and enjoy your evening.

Thank you, ladies and gentlemen. That concludes today's conference. You may all disconnect, and have a wonderful day.